C.A.L.T Exam Study Guide Questions with Correct Solutions, A+

Alexia - The loss of the ability to read, as the result of a brain injury. Apasia - Impairs the ability to speak and understand others. Articulation - The act or manner of producing sounds. Echolalia - Imitation of the mother's sounds, rhythm and tone. Hyperlexia - The superior ability to reads words without comprehension. Lexicon - An inventory of word knowledge, either spoken or written. EX: dictionary, encyclopedia Otitis Media - Inflammation of the middle ear that can lead to temporary conductive hearing loss or permanent hearing loss. Receptive Language Disorder - The inability to understand or comprehend language heard or read. Expressive Language Disorder - The inability to put thoughts into words or sentences in ways that make sense and is grammatically correct. Phonology - Smallest unit of sound. The sounds of letters. Ex: Cat=3 phonemes (c) (a) (t). Syntax - The grammar system of language. The way words are strung together. Ex: words and punctuation to form sentences, clauses or phrases. Semantics - Word meaning in language. Ex: final destination = last stop Discourse - Written or spoken communication or debate. Ex: Formal writing, a speech. Morphology - The smallest unit of language that convey meaning. Ex: Root words Pragmatics - Incapable of understanding the speakers intent (requests and tones) Ex: Can't you turn down the T.V.? = means no; not yes. Alphabetic Language - A language in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds. Alphabetic Principle - The use of letters and letter clusters to represent phonemes in an orthography. (spelling) Anglo Saxon - The language of the Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) who settles in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. It was the dominant language in Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066. Analytic Instruction - Instruction that separates the whole into its parts to reveal its relationships. (Whole to Part) (Top Down) (Concept driven) Analytic Phonics - Students hear the whole word and segment into phonemes or sounds in order to spell. (whole to part) Ex: Pit = (p) (i) (t) Antonyms - Words that are opposite in meaning. (semantics) Arbitrary Learning - New learning that has no logical connection to already acquired knowledge or practical relationships. Auditory - relating to or experienced through hearing. Visual Acuity - Sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. EX: 20/20 vision Bottom-up Process - Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of accurate sequential reading of every word. Comprehension is viewed as text driven rather than concept driven. (Part to whole) (Start from the bottom) Concept Driven Process - Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of using one's experiences and expectations to react to text. Also called top-down process. (Whole to part) Cooperative Learning - Instructional approach in which students work together rather than compete to solve a problem or complete a task.Ex: group work or PBL Corrective Feedback - Teacher responses during and following practice of a skill that is sensitive to a student's level and that guides him or her closer to mastery. Cumulative - Having a new learning that is based upon previously learned elements. Ex: Building knowledge as we go. Diagnostic Teaching - Teaching that uses observation and formal and informal assessments to measure student progress against expected performance standards. Systematic, guided diagnoses of academic barriers. (Prescriptive teaching) Direct Instruction - Instruction that is delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no question as to the meaning. (Explicit Instruction) Domains of Language - Language systems. Phonology, syntax, morphology and orthography are language systems that deal with the form of language. Semantics deals with content of lang. and pragmatics deals with the use of lang. Embedded Phonics - Phonological awareness and phonics taught implicitly through the reading of real words in text. (whole language) Etymology - The history of word origins and development. Euphony - Pleasing to the ear. Having a pleasing sound. Ex: illogical; not inlogical. (Chameleon Prefix) Explicit Instruction - Instruction delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no questions as to the meaning. (Direct Instruction) Fernald Method - Technique for learning words that involves the visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile (VAKT) modalities. EX: The student looks at the word while saying and tracing it. Figurative Language - Language that avoids the use of the exact meaning of words and uses exaggeration, metaphors and embellishments. Greek - The language of the ancient Greeks whose morphemes form scientific terms. Guided Discovery - Manner of presenting new material or concepts so that they can be deduced or guided by the students. EX: self discovery, What do you notice? in pass, sass, tass Homographs - Words that have different meanings but share the same spelling. Pronunciations may be same or different. (duck, duck) (bow, bow) Homonyms - Words that have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. Spellings may be same or different. Ex: (lead, lead) (beet,beat)(sale, sail) Homophones - Words that have different meanings and spellings but share the same pronunciation. EX: (for, four) (to, two, too)