2024 VTNE Laboratory Test 4 (ACTUAL TEST ) Questions and Answers (Solved)

2024 VTNE Laboratory Test 4 (ACTUAL TEST ) Questions and Answers (Solved) 1. Anuria Answer: absence of urination; advanced kidney failure 2. Dysuria Answer: Painful or difficult urination, often caused by an inflammation of the bladder (cystitis) or kidneys (pyelonephritis). 3. Polyuria Answer: Increase in urine output or production, caused by an error of renal tubular efficiency either as a result of toxic damage or an absence of the pituitary gland's antidiuretic hormone; common causes: diabetes mellitus, chronic nephritis,and hyperthyroidism 4. Oliguria Answer: decreased urination, often seen in shock, dehydration, kidney disease,or early kidney failure 5. Hematuria Answer: The presence of blood (RBCs) in the urine, often caused by kidneystones, UTIs, damage to the kidney, or bladder cancer 6. Hemoglobinuria Answer: The presence of free hemoglobin (Hb) in urine, often caused bycaused by hemolytic anemias, Clostridium haemolyticum (bacillary hemoglobinuria - cows) or renal disease 7. Isosthenuria Answer: Loss of ability to concentrate urine when 67% of nephrons dam- aged; a single reading is not diagnostic (examine SG to confirm diagnosis: 1.035 incats, 1.030 in dogs,1.025 in large animals) 8. Pyuria Answer: Presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine, usually indicating infection 9. Proteinuria Answer: Presence of protein (often albumin) in the urine; most commonly occurs in renal disease, but can be caused by congestive heart failure or found innormal urine after heavy exercise; the significance of proteinuria as an indicator ofrenal disease is greatly enhanced by the presence of renal casts in the urine