NUR 2063 ESSENTIAL OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILE D ANSWERS(VERIFIED ANSWERS) LATEST UPDATES 2023 -
2024|ALREADY GRADED A+ What are the three stages of AKI presentation? - Prodromal - normal urine output - Oliguric - decrease urine output - post -oliguric - obstruction Causes of chro nic kidney disease - Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons. - Due to kidney not recovering • Can lead up to end -stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease - Diabetes - Hypertension - Recurrent pyelonephritis - Polycystic kidney disease - History of exposure to toxins - Age over 65 - Ethnicity (African American male higher risk) complications of chronic kidney disease - hypertension and cardiovascular disease - uremic syndrome - metabolic acidosis - electrolyte imbalances - bone and mineral disorders - malnutrition - anemia - pain - depression Hypertension and cardiovascular disease - (increased blood volume) Hypervol emia, escalated atherosclerotic process Uremic Syndrome - Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost (itching & discomfort) . Metabolic acidosis - Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia Electrolyte Imbalances - Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium Bone and mineral disorders Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism. Kidneys are unable t o reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body) Malnutrition - Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (Decreased salt, protein and potassium) Anemia - Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life Pain - Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities Depression - Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and relationships Urge Incontinence - Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder Stress Incontinence - Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with cough ing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects) Neurogenic bladder From a disruption of nervous communica tion that controls micturition. Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries. Functional Incontinence - Secondary to physic al or environmental limitations such as not getting to the toilet in time. Mixed Incontinence - A combination of both stress and urge incontinence
2024|ALREADY GRADED A+ What are the three stages of AKI presentation? - Prodromal - normal urine output - Oliguric - decrease urine output - post -oliguric - obstruction Causes of chro nic kidney disease - Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons. - Due to kidney not recovering • Can lead up to end -stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease - Diabetes - Hypertension - Recurrent pyelonephritis - Polycystic kidney disease - History of exposure to toxins - Age over 65 - Ethnicity (African American male higher risk) complications of chronic kidney disease - hypertension and cardiovascular disease - uremic syndrome - metabolic acidosis - electrolyte imbalances - bone and mineral disorders - malnutrition - anemia - pain - depression Hypertension and cardiovascular disease - (increased blood volume) Hypervol emia, escalated atherosclerotic process Uremic Syndrome - Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost (itching & discomfort) . Metabolic acidosis - Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia Electrolyte Imbalances - Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium Bone and mineral disorders Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism. Kidneys are unable t o reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body) Malnutrition - Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (Decreased salt, protein and potassium) Anemia - Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life Pain - Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities Depression - Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and relationships Urge Incontinence - Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder Stress Incontinence - Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with cough ing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects) Neurogenic bladder From a disruption of nervous communica tion that controls micturition. Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries. Functional Incontinence - Secondary to physic al or environmental limitations such as not getting to the toilet in time. Mixed Incontinence - A combination of both stress and urge incontinence
