NR 325 Exam 1 2023

NR 325 Exam 1 2023 Endocrine System Function – CORRRECT ANSWERS Produce hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream Insulin – CORRRECT ANSWERS Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage hormone). Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes Counterregulatory Hormones – CORRRECT ANSWERS Oppose the effects of insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated release of glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose levels. Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol Glucagon – CORRRECT ANSWERS Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our pancreas doesn't respond normally. Diabetes Mellitus – CORRRECT ANSWERS A chronic, multi-system disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with good management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes. Diabetes Complications – CORRRECT ANSWERS Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, endstage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke. Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes – CORRRECT ANSWERS Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function, decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more common in older adults, partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging resembling that of DM. Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65. Diabetes Type I Epidemiology – CORRRECT ANSWERS Formerly known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes. Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10% of all people with diabetes. Has a sudden onset. It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus are factors that may contribute to the development of DM I. Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin, and symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA. Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms – CORRRECT ANSWERS Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Weight loss Prediabetes – CORRRECT ANSWERS Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Prediabetes Labs – CORRRECT ANSWERS IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126 mg/dl IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4% A1C Lab – CORRRECT ANSWERS It is a test that determines how well your glucose was stabilized within the last three months. If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in the last 3 months Diabetes Type II Etiology – CORRRECT ANSWERS Probably has a genetic basis. A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease progresses, less insulin production. There is also an increased risk for obesity. Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an increased waist circumference. Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood obesity. Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics. Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't