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Summary physioth.theory: urinary problems (pelvic rehab)

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Summary of the urinary problems lesson in the pelvic rehab section given by prof. I. Geraerts of the physiotherapeutic theory course. It is a summary of the powerpoint slides and additional items noted during the lesson. The slides were in English and my own notes are always in Dutch as much as possible. It is therefore a mix of the 2 languages because it is an English-language master. Everything is in dots, so no complete paragraphs

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December 17, 2023
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Written in
2023/2024
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Physioth. Theory: pelvic reëducation in neuroP: urinary
problems
minder
CONTENT
 Aim: to gain insight in
- anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the urogenital/colo-proctological system
- the intact innervation of bladder, bowel and sexual function
- the pathologic innervation of bladder, bowel and sexual function in different neurological diseases
- the principles of pelvic floor muscle reeducation
- different types of incontinence and other problems in the urogenital and colo-proctological region
- Specific urinary, sexual and bowel problems in different neurological diseases (CVA, Parkinson’s
- Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal Cord Injury)

 Specialisation after master: Interuniversity course in pelvic reeducation and perinatal physiotherapy

INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR PELVIC REEDUCATION
 In children
- Enuresis (nocturna) bedplassen
- Dysfunctional voiding
- Enuresis diurna
- Obstipation
- Pain tijdens plassen of stoelgang
- Recurrent urinary tract infections

 In women
- Stress urinary incontinence
- Urgency urinary incontinence, overactive bladder
- Prolaps
- Urgency
- Pain
- Sexual problems: vaginismus, dyspareunia
- After surgery: neo-bladder (na blaaskanker), prolaps-surgery

 In men
- Post-prostatectomy, post-micturitional dribbling
- Neo-bladder
- Elderly
- Pain, prostatodynia, dysuria teveel spanning dat pijn geeft
- Sexual problems: erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation

 In neurological patients
- Cerebrovascular accident
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Spina Bifida,…

ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC FLOOR
1. FUNCTION
 closure function
- test: micturition-stoptest
 dit is een test, geen oefening! We willen niet dat de blaas leert om in stukken te legen maar we willen dat
dit in 1x gebeurd
 Als je dit zou oefenen dan zal de blaas zich niet volledig kunnen legen en blijft er steeds een klein beetje
urine in de blaas zitten
- Micturition-starttest:
 als je heel dringend naar toilet moet dan moet je kunnen ophouden totdat je op toilet zit

Nala Melis Pagina 1

, Physioth. Theory: pelvic reëducation in neuroP: urinary
problems

 support function
- stabiliteit: man (2 openingen) > vrouw (3 openingnen)
- organen

 sexual function
- orgasme
- ejaculatie


2. VESSELS
 slow twitch vessels (type I, red or tonic vessels)
- ophouden van urine voor lange tijd
 fast twitch vessels (type II, white or phasic vessels)
- bij hoesten of niezen (P op pelvic floor) urine ophouden
 beide zijn nodig in pelvic floor

3. MUSCLES
3.1. THE SUPERFICIAL LAYER
 M. Sphincter ani externus (subcutaneous and superficial part)
- Aim: voluntary contraction of the anus
- Als kring rond anus  kringspier
 M. Bulbospongiosus (M. bulbocavernosus)
- Woman: compression of the deep dorsal vein
- Men: during ejaculation through rithmic contractions evacuate the sperm via the urethra
 M. Ischiocavernosus ( erection)
- Aim: prohibit venous reflux
- belangrijk voor man
 M. Transversus perinei superficialis
- Aim: stabilise the perineal central tendon




3.1.i. ARTERIAL AND VENOUS SYSTEM IN A NORMAL ERECTION
 Tijdens erectie zal arterieel bloed in de penis vloeien en deze moet hier ook blijven
- Vasthouden bloed
 Bij erectieproblemen gaat het bloed erin en direct terug eruit
- bij ouderen mannen= vaak te snelle outflow
 viagra etc. voorkomt veneuze outflow
 arteriën zich vullen & venen zich sluiten = bloed niet kan terugvloeien
 Ischiocavernosus kan hierbij helpen, dit ligt aan de basis van de penis
- Het kan op de venen drukken en dus een terugvloei voorkomen

Nala Melis Pagina 2

, Physioth. Theory: pelvic reëducation in neuroP: urinary
problems
- Bij problemen leren we deze spier aan te spannen om te compenseren
 Corpus cavernosum & spongiosum

3.2.




THE MIDDLE LAYER
 M. Transversus perinei profundus
- Aim: support function, fixation of the perineum, sexual function
 M. Sphincter urethrae externus (horseshoe-shaped)
- Aim: support urinary
- niet cirkelvormig  hoefijzer
 M. Sphincter ani (deep part)
- Aim: voluntary contraction of the anus




Nala Melis Pagina 3

, Physioth. Theory: pelvic reëducation in neuroP: urinary
problems
 Laatste fig (rechts onderaan)
- Subcutanious & superficial sfincter ani
- M.puborectalis
 Constipatie door niet kunnen ontspannen van de spier




3.3. THE DEEP LAYER
 M. Levator ani
 M. puborectalis
- van os pubis cirkelvormig rond ureter & anaal kanaal
 M. pubococcygeus
 M. iliococcygeus
 M. Coccygeus
 = important support function
 = diaphragma pelvis
 Spanning in m.puborectalis te hoog
- scherper worden anorectale hoek
 Te hoge spanning in BB= problemen
geven

3.4. DIAPHRAGMA UROGENITALE/PELVIS
 Diaphragma urogenitale
- Superficial part
 M. ischiocavernosus
 M. bulbospongiosus
 M. transversus perinei superficialis
- Deeper part
 M. transversus perinei profundus
 M. sphincter urethrae

 Diaphragma pelvis
- M. coccygeus
- M. levator ani
- (M. sphincter ani externus (deep part))

 Other important pelvic muscles
- m.obturator internus
 exorot heup
- m.piriformis
 exorot geextendeerd been
 abd geflexteerd been

Nala Melis Pagina 4

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