American Democracy Now - Chapter 5 advanced test

affirmative action - answer In the employment arena, intentional efforts to recruit, hire, train, and promote underutilized categories of workers (women and minority men); in higher education, intentional efforts to diversify the student body. Black Codes - answer Laws passed immediately after the Civil War by the confederate states that limited the rights of "freemen" (former slaves). Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka - answer This 1954 Supreme Court decision ruled that segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. civil disobedience - answer Active, but nonviolent, refusal to comply with laws or governmental policies that are morally objectionable. civil rights - answer The rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments; the idea that individuals are protected from discrimination based on characteristics such as race, national origin, religion, and sex. de facto segregation - answer Segregation caused by the fact that people tend to live in neighborhoods with others of their own race, religion, or ethnic group. de jure segregation - answer Segregation mandated by law. equal protection clause - answer The Fourteenth Amendment clause stating that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." grandfather clause - answer A clause exempting individuals from voting conditions such as poll taxes or literacy tests if they or their ancestor had voted before 1870, thus sparing most white voters in the South. hate crime - answer A crime committed against a person, property, or society, where the offender is motivated, in part or in whole, by his or her bias against the victim because of the victim's race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. inherent characteristics - answer Individual attributes such as race, national origin, religion, and sex. Jim Crow laws - answer Laws requiring the strict separation of racial groups, with whites and "nonwhites" required to attend separate schools, work in different jobs, and use segregated public accommodations, such as transportation and restaurants. literacy test - answer A test to determine eligibility to vote; designed so that few African Americans would pass. Plessy v. Ferguson - answer 1896 Supreme Court ruling creating the separate but equal doctrine. poll tax - answer A fee for voting; levied to prevent poor African Americans in the South from voting. Reconstruction era - answer The time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877 when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt. separate but equal doctrine - answer Established by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, it said that separate but equal facilities for whites and nonwhites do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. standing to sue - answer The ability to bring lawsuits in court. steering - answer The practice by which realtors steered African American families to certain neighborhoods and white families to others. suspect classifications - answer Distinctions based on race, religion, national origin, and sex, which are assumed to be illegitimate. white primary - answer A primary election in which a party's nominees for general election were chosen but in which only white people were allowed to vote. Plessy v Feruson (1896) - answer Separate but equal is constitutional Brown v Board of Education (1954) - answer Plessy reversed in education only Civil Rights Act of 1964 - answer allowed access to public facilities and no discrimination for jobs; no discrimination based on sex in federal jobs 1965 Voting Rights Act - answer cannot discriminate against people voting based on race Seneca Falls Convention (1848) - answer 1st women's right convention rewrote Declaration of Independence to include women - Declaration of Sentiments 15th Amendment - answer right to vote cannot be abridged based on religion or race