NBME exams

NBME exams What are the terms for IV vs PO? - parenteral enteral What does Tourettes often present with? what does diagnosis require? - ADHD, OCD at least 1 vocal tic (throat clear, grunt), 1 motor tick What is persistent motor tic disorder? - motor tics only (if motor and vocal then tourettes, if just vocal then vocal tic disorder) for 1 yr What is 1st line tx for tourettes? - a agonists: guanfasine atypical neuroleptics: risperidone, pimozide (like a haldol) dopamine depleting drugs: tetrabenazine How does squatting change preload? - squatting increases preload What does the JVP estimate? What is considered elevated? - central venous pressure 4 consider high What is Kussmaul sign? What is it associated w? - distention of JVP/increase in JVP on inspiration R h failure, pericardial effusion, fluid overload What has waterhammer pulse, rapid upstroke? - .aortic regurg What is pulsus parvus? - hypokinetic pulse can be sign of hypotension What three "C's" have pulsus paradoxus? - 10 mm Hg during inspiration Cardiac tamponade, Croup, constrictive pericarditis What has reverse pulsus paradoxus, or an INCREASE in pulse volume on inspiration? - HOCM Pulsus alternans - regular rhythm, but force of pulse varies with alternating beats of large and small amplitude cardiac tamponade, CHF Slow rising pulse/delayed peak pressure in carotid - aortic stenosis When is S3 present (pathological and normal)? - pregnancy dilated cardiomyopathy/dilated ventricles What heart problem causes fixed split vs wide split? - fixed split: ASD wide split: pulmonary HTN In what cases does increased preload decrease murmur? - HOCM MVP How does Valsalva OR standing change preload/afterload? - decreases both How does inspiration change prelaod and therefore murmurs? - inspiration increases RV preload and decreases LV preload increases intensity on the R side of hte heart, decreases on the L side of the heart What lung cancer is classically centrally located? - small cell and squamous adeno is peripheral What cancer is associated with PTHrP? - squamous cell carcinoma of the lung What often causes superior vena cava syndrome, what are symptoms? - tumor, can be lung tumor fullness in head, edema of upper extremities, congestion in hte face whats treatment for SCLC vs NSCLC? - SCLC usually chemo and radiation NSCLC may be able to do surgery, also chemo nad radiation What is an endemic vs epidemic? - endemic: affects a predictable population in a certain region, like malaria in Africa epidemic: an unusually fast rate of spread in a given area What is a factorial study? - uses 2+ interventions in all possible combinations (eg. med A, med B, neither (placebo), and both) How does a case control work and what does it tell you? - select cases (diseased people) and controls, and then go back and look at risk factors they had. gives you an odds ratio retrospective cohort looks for a specific risk factor if it was present or not.. EXPOSURE based