NR 507 EXAM PREP
LATEST
ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ANSWERED
2023/2024
,1. What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis? How
are they regulated by the coagulation cascade?
- Primary hemostasis is the formation of a platelet plug at the site of vascular
injury, while secondary hemostasis is the stabilization of the plug by fibrin
strands. They are regulated by the coagulation cascade, which consists of
two pathways: the intrinsic and the extrinsic. The intrinsic pathway is
activated by contact with damaged endothelium or collagen, while the
extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue factor released from injured cells.
Both pathways converge at the activation of factor X, which converts
prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which
forms a mesh around the platelet plug.
2. What are the main types of shock and their pathophysiological
mechanisms?
- The main types of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and
distributive. Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a loss of blood or fluid
volume, leading to decreased venous return, cardiac output, and tissue
perfusion. Cardiogenic shock occurs when there is a failure of the heart to
pump effectively, leading to reduced cardiac output and tissue perfusion.
Obstructive shock occurs when there is an obstruction of blood flow in the
circulatory system, such as a pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, or
tension pneumothorax, leading to reduced cardiac output and tissue
perfusion. Distributive shock occurs when there is a widespread vasodilation
and increased capillary permeability, leading to reduced vascular resistance,
blood pressure, and tissue perfusion. Examples of distributive shock are
septic shock, anaphylactic shock, and neurogenic shock.
3. What are the main causes and consequences of acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)?
- The main causes of ARDS are direct or indirect lung injury that triggers an
inflammatory response in the alveoli. Direct lung injury can be caused by
pneumonia, aspiration, inhalation injury, or chest trauma. Indirect lung
injury can be caused by sepsis, pancreatitis, transfusion reaction, or drug
overdose. The consequences of ARDS are impaired gas exchange, hypoxemia,
hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, pulmonary edema, decreased lung
compliance, increased airway resistance, and respiratory failure.
4. What are the main types of diabetes mellitus and their pathophysiological
mechanisms?
- The main types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, type 2, and gestational
diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by autoimmune destruction of
pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin, leading to absolute insulin
deficiency and hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by insulin
resistance and relative insulin deficiency, leading to impaired glucose uptake
and hyperglycemia. Gestational diabetes mellitus is caused by hormonal
changes during pregnancy that increase insulin resistance and glucose
, production, leading to hyperglycemia.
5. What are the main types of renal failure and their pathophysiological
mechanisms?
- The main types of renal failure are acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic
kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden decline in renal function that can be
caused by prerenal factors (such as hypovolemia, hypotension, or renal artery
stenosis), intrarenal factors (such as acute tubular necrosis,
glomerulonephritis, or interstitial nephritis), or postrenal factors (such as
urinary tract obstruction or bladder dysfunction). CKD is a progressive loss of
renal function that can be caused by diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, or other chronic conditions.
The consequences of renal failure are azotemia (accumulation of nitrogenous
waste products), electrolyte imbalance (such as hyperkalemia,
hyponatremia, or hyperphosphatemia), acid-base imbalance (such as
metabolic acidosis), fluid overload (such as edema or hypertension), anemia
(due to reduced erythropoietin production), bone disease (due to altered
calcium and phosphate metabolism), and uremic syndrome (a constellation of
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting,
fatigue, pruritus, neuropathy, or encephalopathy).
6. What are the main types of liver failure and their pathophysiological
mechanisms?
- The main types of liver failure are acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver
disease (CLD). ALF is a rapid deterioration of liver function that can be
caused by viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis A, B,
or E), drug-induced liver injury (such as acetaminophen overdose), ischemic
hepatitis (due to hypoperfusion), or autoimmune hepatitis. CLD is a gradual
deterioration of liver function that can be caused by viral hepatitis (
A newborn baby displays jaundice 20 hours after birth. What action by the healthcare
professional is most appropriate?
Selected Draw blood to measure total
Answer: bilirubin.
• Question 8
1 out of 1 points
Local signs and symptoms of Hodgkin disease-related lymphadenopathy are a result of
what?
Selected Pressure and
Answer: obstruction
• Question 9
1 out of 1 points
Which bones are affected in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease?
LATEST
ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ANSWERED
2023/2024
,1. What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis? How
are they regulated by the coagulation cascade?
- Primary hemostasis is the formation of a platelet plug at the site of vascular
injury, while secondary hemostasis is the stabilization of the plug by fibrin
strands. They are regulated by the coagulation cascade, which consists of
two pathways: the intrinsic and the extrinsic. The intrinsic pathway is
activated by contact with damaged endothelium or collagen, while the
extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue factor released from injured cells.
Both pathways converge at the activation of factor X, which converts
prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which
forms a mesh around the platelet plug.
2. What are the main types of shock and their pathophysiological
mechanisms?
- The main types of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and
distributive. Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a loss of blood or fluid
volume, leading to decreased venous return, cardiac output, and tissue
perfusion. Cardiogenic shock occurs when there is a failure of the heart to
pump effectively, leading to reduced cardiac output and tissue perfusion.
Obstructive shock occurs when there is an obstruction of blood flow in the
circulatory system, such as a pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, or
tension pneumothorax, leading to reduced cardiac output and tissue
perfusion. Distributive shock occurs when there is a widespread vasodilation
and increased capillary permeability, leading to reduced vascular resistance,
blood pressure, and tissue perfusion. Examples of distributive shock are
septic shock, anaphylactic shock, and neurogenic shock.
3. What are the main causes and consequences of acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)?
- The main causes of ARDS are direct or indirect lung injury that triggers an
inflammatory response in the alveoli. Direct lung injury can be caused by
pneumonia, aspiration, inhalation injury, or chest trauma. Indirect lung
injury can be caused by sepsis, pancreatitis, transfusion reaction, or drug
overdose. The consequences of ARDS are impaired gas exchange, hypoxemia,
hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, pulmonary edema, decreased lung
compliance, increased airway resistance, and respiratory failure.
4. What are the main types of diabetes mellitus and their pathophysiological
mechanisms?
- The main types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, type 2, and gestational
diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by autoimmune destruction of
pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin, leading to absolute insulin
deficiency and hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by insulin
resistance and relative insulin deficiency, leading to impaired glucose uptake
and hyperglycemia. Gestational diabetes mellitus is caused by hormonal
changes during pregnancy that increase insulin resistance and glucose
, production, leading to hyperglycemia.
5. What are the main types of renal failure and their pathophysiological
mechanisms?
- The main types of renal failure are acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic
kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden decline in renal function that can be
caused by prerenal factors (such as hypovolemia, hypotension, or renal artery
stenosis), intrarenal factors (such as acute tubular necrosis,
glomerulonephritis, or interstitial nephritis), or postrenal factors (such as
urinary tract obstruction or bladder dysfunction). CKD is a progressive loss of
renal function that can be caused by diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, or other chronic conditions.
The consequences of renal failure are azotemia (accumulation of nitrogenous
waste products), electrolyte imbalance (such as hyperkalemia,
hyponatremia, or hyperphosphatemia), acid-base imbalance (such as
metabolic acidosis), fluid overload (such as edema or hypertension), anemia
(due to reduced erythropoietin production), bone disease (due to altered
calcium and phosphate metabolism), and uremic syndrome (a constellation of
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting,
fatigue, pruritus, neuropathy, or encephalopathy).
6. What are the main types of liver failure and their pathophysiological
mechanisms?
- The main types of liver failure are acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver
disease (CLD). ALF is a rapid deterioration of liver function that can be
caused by viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis A, B,
or E), drug-induced liver injury (such as acetaminophen overdose), ischemic
hepatitis (due to hypoperfusion), or autoimmune hepatitis. CLD is a gradual
deterioration of liver function that can be caused by viral hepatitis (
A newborn baby displays jaundice 20 hours after birth. What action by the healthcare
professional is most appropriate?
Selected Draw blood to measure total
Answer: bilirubin.
• Question 8
1 out of 1 points
Local signs and symptoms of Hodgkin disease-related lymphadenopathy are a result of
what?
Selected Pressure and
Answer: obstruction
• Question 9
1 out of 1 points
Which bones are affected in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease?
