Pharmacology Nurs 251 Module 8 Exam Questions And Correct Answers Portage Learning 2023/2024 Graded A+.

PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 MODULE 8 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS PORTAGE LEARNING 2023/2024 GRADED A+. 2 / 5 1. Describe the characteristics of different types of pain including acute, chronic, and neuropathic.: Acute pain is sudden in onset and usually subsideswhen treated lasting 6 weeks or less in duration. Chronic pain on the other hand is persistent or recurring and often much more difficult to treat. It is classified as any pain lasting 3-6 months or pain lasting longerthan 1 month after healing of an acute injury.Chronic pain is especially hard to treatbecause changes can occur in how the body responds to analgesics over time. Neuropathic pain is a unique classification of pain and is defines as pain resultingfrom a damaged nervous system or damaged nerve cells. Due to its unique originit does not typically respond to traditional pain medications including opioids and NSAIDs. It can be extremely difficult to manage and is generally treated with a variety of medications from different classes that have shown to have some effecton neuropathic pain. 2. Define key terms: addiction, analgesic, opioids analgesics, NSAIDs, opioidtolerance, physical dependence.: Addiction is defined as a chronic neurobio- logical disease in which genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors induce changes in the individual's behavior to compulsively use drugs despite the harm they may cause. Analgesics are defined as medications that relieve pain without causing loss ofconsciousness. Opioid analgesics are synthetic drugs that bind to the opiate receptors in the brainand relieve pain Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Medications (NSAIDs) are a large chemically di- verse group of drugs that are analgesics and also possess anti-inflammatory andantipyretic activity Tolerance refers to the state in which repetitive exposure to a given drug over time induces changes in the drug receptors that reduce the drug's effects. Physical dependence is a condition in which a patient takes a drug over a period of time and unpleasant physical symptoms (withdrawal) occur if the drug is stoppedabruptly orsmaller doses are given and is anothersign that tolerance has developed. 3. Provide examples of drugs classified as NSAIDs, opioids and neuropathic pain medications and list the common side effects of each.: SAIDsside effects:The primary one being their negative effect on the GI tract. These effects can vary ranging from mild heartburn to more serious gastrointestinal bleeds. Anotherseriousadverse event isthe risk of acute renal failure.More recently, it has been shown that 3 / 5 NSAIDs can also play a role in increasing the risk of a patient having a heart attackor stroke. Opioid side effects:They can cause histamine release that can cause itching, rash 4 / 5 and hemodynamic changessuch asflushing and orthostatic hypotension.Morphinelike opioids release the most histamine whereas meperidine like opioids have the least histamine response. The most serious adverse effect is CNS depression thatcan lead to respiratory depression. Less serious but very common are the GI tract adverse effects. There are opi-oid receptors in the GI tract that when stimulated cause nausea, vomiting, and constipation. This stimulation of GI opioid receptors stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain which results in nausea and vomiting.Constipation resultsfrom opioids working to slow peristalsis and increasing absorption of water into theintestines. Opioid Analgesics Codeine Hydrocodone Oxycodone Morphine Methadone Meperidine Oxymorphone Hydromorphone Fentanyl