Nursing 612 Physical Assessment: All Terms Maryville
Scotoma
loss of vision in a part of the visual field; blind spot.
Open Angle Glaucoma
Most common 90% of cases-caused by slow clogging of the
drainage canals, resulting in increased eye pressure. Open angle
means that where the iris meets the cornea is a wide and open as
it should be.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma or Narrow Angle Glaucoma
Angle-closure glaucoma, a less common form of glaucoma:
Is caused by blocked drainage canals, resulting in a sudden rise
in intraocular pressure
Unlike Open-Angle Gluacoma it has a closed or narrow angle
between the iris and cornea
Develops very quickly
Has symptoms and damage that are usually very noticeable
Demands immediate medical attention.
Amaurosis fugax
Sudden onset / temporary blindness that may resut from
transient ischemia caused by an insufficiency of the carotid
artery.
*Pale retina with red fovea embolus
,Ischemic ocular Neuropathy
Sudden onset / Is the loss of structure and function of a portion
of the optic nerve due to obstruction of blood flow to the nerve.
May result in permanent vision loss
Associated with:
*DM
*Atherosclerosis
Macular degeneration
Gradual to Sudden onset / degeneration of the central portion of
the retina resulting in a loss of sharp vision.
Usually associated with aging and is the result of atrophy of the
macula or exudation and hemorrhage of the vessels in the
macular region
*Demonstrated by altered pigmentation, hemorrhage, exudate or
neoplasms.
Visual Acuity assesses
Central vision and is performed on one eye at a time and then
both eyes. Typically assessed with the Snellen Chart
Conjunctiva
External eye structures / lines the exposed portion of the eyeball
Cornea
External eye structures / transparent anterior part of the external
coat of the eye covering the iris and the pupil
Sclera
,External eye structures / a dense, white, fibrous membrane that,
with the cornea, forms the external covering of the eyeball.
Fluoresceine Stain
Used to assess for corneal abrasions / Stain is instilled into one
or both eyes and inspected using a cobalt blue light source /
areas of injury will fluoresce bright green / once complete rinse
eye with sterile saline solution
Anisocora
Asymetry of the pupils / normal varient is less than 0.5mm
Tonic pupil
No pupillary response / direct or consensual) Caused by
denervation of the ciliary muscle and sphincter
Ptosis
Drooping of the upper eyelid
Horners Syndrome
Miosis is unilateral-pupillary response intact-associated with
ptosis-eye appears "sunken" - Interruption of Sympathetic nerve
innervation to the eye
, Argyll-Robertson pupil
Pupil is small and may be abnormally shaped / does not respond
to light / usually associated with neurosyphilis
Signs and Symptoms of Cataracts
Progressive and painless decreased visual acuity. Generalized
blurring, dimming and haziness of vision as well as development
of halos and glares
Signs and Symptoms of Open Angle Glaucoma
Usually no pain, and patient does not present until they perceive
vision loss. Progresses from blurring to progressive vision loss.
What is the most common secondary cause of Glaucoma
Corticosteriods
Signs and Symptoms of Closed Angle Glaucoma
Pressure changes may be transient and triggered by conditions
that cause pupillary dilation. Is usually associated with unilateral
eye pain.
*photophobia
*headache
*nausea
Signs and Symptoms of Amaurosis Fugax
Total or partial vision loss which is transient, lasting from
seconds to minutes. Patient may describe it as a "shade" being
pulled down over their eye, Usually not accompanied by pain.
Causes are:
*Emboli
*Retinal vascular insufficiency
*Arterial spasms
Scotoma
loss of vision in a part of the visual field; blind spot.
Open Angle Glaucoma
Most common 90% of cases-caused by slow clogging of the
drainage canals, resulting in increased eye pressure. Open angle
means that where the iris meets the cornea is a wide and open as
it should be.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma or Narrow Angle Glaucoma
Angle-closure glaucoma, a less common form of glaucoma:
Is caused by blocked drainage canals, resulting in a sudden rise
in intraocular pressure
Unlike Open-Angle Gluacoma it has a closed or narrow angle
between the iris and cornea
Develops very quickly
Has symptoms and damage that are usually very noticeable
Demands immediate medical attention.
Amaurosis fugax
Sudden onset / temporary blindness that may resut from
transient ischemia caused by an insufficiency of the carotid
artery.
*Pale retina with red fovea embolus
,Ischemic ocular Neuropathy
Sudden onset / Is the loss of structure and function of a portion
of the optic nerve due to obstruction of blood flow to the nerve.
May result in permanent vision loss
Associated with:
*DM
*Atherosclerosis
Macular degeneration
Gradual to Sudden onset / degeneration of the central portion of
the retina resulting in a loss of sharp vision.
Usually associated with aging and is the result of atrophy of the
macula or exudation and hemorrhage of the vessels in the
macular region
*Demonstrated by altered pigmentation, hemorrhage, exudate or
neoplasms.
Visual Acuity assesses
Central vision and is performed on one eye at a time and then
both eyes. Typically assessed with the Snellen Chart
Conjunctiva
External eye structures / lines the exposed portion of the eyeball
Cornea
External eye structures / transparent anterior part of the external
coat of the eye covering the iris and the pupil
Sclera
,External eye structures / a dense, white, fibrous membrane that,
with the cornea, forms the external covering of the eyeball.
Fluoresceine Stain
Used to assess for corneal abrasions / Stain is instilled into one
or both eyes and inspected using a cobalt blue light source /
areas of injury will fluoresce bright green / once complete rinse
eye with sterile saline solution
Anisocora
Asymetry of the pupils / normal varient is less than 0.5mm
Tonic pupil
No pupillary response / direct or consensual) Caused by
denervation of the ciliary muscle and sphincter
Ptosis
Drooping of the upper eyelid
Horners Syndrome
Miosis is unilateral-pupillary response intact-associated with
ptosis-eye appears "sunken" - Interruption of Sympathetic nerve
innervation to the eye
, Argyll-Robertson pupil
Pupil is small and may be abnormally shaped / does not respond
to light / usually associated with neurosyphilis
Signs and Symptoms of Cataracts
Progressive and painless decreased visual acuity. Generalized
blurring, dimming and haziness of vision as well as development
of halos and glares
Signs and Symptoms of Open Angle Glaucoma
Usually no pain, and patient does not present until they perceive
vision loss. Progresses from blurring to progressive vision loss.
What is the most common secondary cause of Glaucoma
Corticosteriods
Signs and Symptoms of Closed Angle Glaucoma
Pressure changes may be transient and triggered by conditions
that cause pupillary dilation. Is usually associated with unilateral
eye pain.
*photophobia
*headache
*nausea
Signs and Symptoms of Amaurosis Fugax
Total or partial vision loss which is transient, lasting from
seconds to minutes. Patient may describe it as a "shade" being
pulled down over their eye, Usually not accompanied by pain.
Causes are:
*Emboli
*Retinal vascular insufficiency
*Arterial spasms
