Praxis Art Content 5134 Study Guide Graded A

Elements of Art - Shape, color, form, texture, space, line, and value (Sam Couldn't Find The Small Lily Vase) Principles of design - Emphasis, unity, contrast, rhythm, balance, pattern, and movement (Elephants Unfortunately Can't Rap, But Pigs Might) Elements and principles: 2D vs. 3D - 2D: Implied texture, space refers to composition 3D: Real texture, space refers to how the artist uses the space in 3D, form describes the shape of the artwork (width, depth, and height) Texture - Can be real or implied Shapes - Can be geometric or organic Line - Can be straight, broken, curved, implied, free-form Space - Can refer to foreground, middle ground, background, positive space (subject), negative space (area around subject) Form - Used in 3D art to describe the shape of the artwork Balance - Can be symmetrical or asymmetrical Contrast - When elements are juxtaposed to create interesting differences (not just color) Movement - Uses elements to lead viewer throughout the piece Emphasis - Creates a focal point Pattern - Repeats elements in the same order Rhythm - Repeats elements without a specific order Unity - Harmony created by elements working together Example - Piet Mondrian mainly uses color, line, and shape in Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue (1927). The Starry Night by van Gogh uses several principles, including contrast, emphasis, balance, and movement. Relationship of elements to principles - The elements are the building blocks of visual art, and the principles are ways to organize those elements. Artists can use some or all to create their artwork, explain their artistic decisions, or analyze another artist's artwork. These are "established criteria that are used to objectively judge artwork." Golden mean/ golden ratio - Term used to describe how elements within a piece of art can be placed in the most aesthetically pleasing way, based on math Approximately 1 to 1.618 Hierarchical organization - artist uses unnatural proportion or scale to depict the relative importance of the figures in the artwork Perspective - art technique for creating an illusion of 3D (depth and space) on a 2D (flat) surface Viewpoint - The position from where you view the scene Horizon Line - The imaginary horizontal line in the distance that is eye level Vanishing Lines - Lines that come together (converge) at the vanishing point. One point perspective - One vanishing point along the horizon line Two point perspective - Two vanishing points on the horizon line Foreshortening - Use of distortion to create the illusion of an object extending into space Atmospheric Perspective - The effect of distance or atmosphere shown through haziness or changes in color Juxtaposition - Placing two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences Appropriation - Using pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation Transformation - Some artists take every day or found objects and transform them into something new Clay dust - Contains silica and respiratory toxins that are too fine and heavy to be expelled from the lungs. To avoid lung damage, use only wet cleaning methods and wear a mask Glaze hazards - Some glazes may have lead in them, which is hazardous to breathe, eat, or fire. Uranium is also toxic. Additional materials can have dangerous fumes or particles from normal use or from being fired. Toxic materials include antimony oxide, barium of any form, beryllium, borax, cadmium, selenium, cobalt, colemanite or gerstley borate, copper, chromium, lustre preparations, manganese, nickel, potassium dichromate, vanadium, zin, sulfides, chlorides, fluorides, and to a lesser extent carbonates. Kiln dangers - 1. Kilns need to be tested to make sure they are ventilating correctly in classrooms. 2. Avoid storage of flammable materials near kilns. 3. If the lid latch fails for any reason, the lid falls shut and could injure the person loading the kiln. 4. Staring into a white hot kiln to see the cones may damage the eyes. Lead pigments - Used in some paints and glazes, but is hazardous Safety label information: Under 12-years-old - 1. Children have a higher risk from chemicals and exposure, so only buy non-toxic supplies intended for children. 2. Don't use products with cautionary/warning labels. 3. Avoid solvents, solvent-based supplies, and materials in self-pressurized containers. 5. Avoid acids, alkalis, bleaches, or corrosives. 6. Avoid products or processes that produce airborne dusts which can be inhaled. 7. Avoid old supplies, unlabeled supplies, and be wary of donated supplies with cautionary/warning labels and that do not contain the statement "Conforms to ASTM D4236." 8. Avoid materials with lead, cadmium and other heavy metals. 9. Avoid high-temperature hot glue guns; use low temperature models. 10. Pay special attention to students with physical or mental challenges, visual or hearing impairments, and asthma or allergies. Avoiding accidental exposure - 1. Wash hands and other exposed body parts after working, and before eating or using the bathroom. 2. Avoid using toluene, turpentine, kerosene, or other solvents to clean your skin. 3. Use soap and water or baby oil or a skin cleanser. 4. Wash under fingernails. Keep nails trim and do not bite nails. Flammable materials - 1. Store flammable or combustible solvents in fire safety cans in an OSHA-approved fireproof cabinet. Keep cabinet closed and vented if required by local codes. 2. Linseed oil or solvent-soaked rags can spontaneously combust, so rags should be stored in a covered container that does not allow air in or vapors out, such as an OSHA approved container. 3. Store flammable or combustible materials away from escape routes. 4. Clean spills immediately and properly.