Microbiology Chapter 18

Microbiology Chapter 18 Antibodies are produced by - ANS plasma cells Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by __________. - ANS T cells A single antigen molecule may be compose of many individual __________. - ANS epitopes Which class of molecules is the most antigenic? - ANS proteins MHC I molecules present - ANS processed foreign antigens from proteasomes MHC II molecules present - ANS processed foreign antigens from phagolysosomes. Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells? - ANS MHC I Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells? - ANS MHC II What is a superantigen? - ANS a protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled manner To what does the TCR of a helper T cell bind? - ANS antigens presented with MHC II molecules Cytotoxic T cells will bind with their TCR to which of the following? - ANS antigens presented with MHC I molecules A _____________ molecule is a glycoprotein used to identify and distinguish white blood cells. - ANS cluster of differentiation Name the T helper cell subset involved in antibody production. - ANS TH2 Which of the following would be a T-dependent antigen? - ANS protein Which of the following would be a BCR? - ANS IgD Which of the following does not occur during the lag period of the primary antibody response? - ANS class switching to IgG A patient is bitten by a dog with a confirmed rabies infection. After treating the bite wound, they physician injects the patient with antibodies for the rabies virus to prevent the development of an active infection. This is an example of : - ANS Artificial passive immunity A patient gets a cold and recovers a few days later. The patient's classmates come down with the same cold roughly a week later, but the original patient does not get the same cold again. This is an example of: - ANS Natural active immunity IgA - ANS This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus secretions IgD - ANS This class of antibody is not seccreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naive B cells IgE - ANS This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses IgG - ANS This class of antibody is the only one that can corss the placenta IgM - ANS This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells inactive vaccine - ANS Influenza virus particles grown in chicken eggs are harvested and chemically treated to render them noninfectious. These immunogenic particles are then purified and packaged and administered as an injection live attenuated vaccine - ANS Weakened influenza virions that can only replicate in the slightly lower temperatures of the nasal passages are sprayed into the nose. They do not cause serious flu symptoms, but still produce an active infection that induces a protective adaptive immune response. toxoid vaccine - ANS Tetanus toxin molecules are harvested and chemically treated to render them harmless. They are then injected into patient's arm. subunit vaccine - ANS The gene for hepatitis B virus surface antigen is inserted into a yeast genome. The modified yeast is grown and the virus protein is produced, harvested, purified, and used in a vaccine. There are two critically important aspects of adaptive immunity. The first is specificity, while the second is __________. - ANS memory ___________immunity involves the production of antibody molecules that bind to specific antigens. - ANS humoral The heavy chains of an antibody molecules contain __________ region segments, which help to determine its class or isotype. - ANS constant The variable regions of the heavy and light chains form the _________ sites of an antibody. - ANS antigen-binding MHC molecules are used for antigen ________ to T cells. - ANS presentation MHC II molecules are made up to two subunits (a dn b) of approximately equal size, whereas MHC I molecules consist of a larger a subunit and small subunit called _______________-----. - ANS B2 microglobulin. A ________ T cell will become activated by presentation of foreign antigen associated with an MHC I molecule. - ANS cytotoxic A __________ T cell will become activated by presentation of foreign antigen in association with an MHC II molecule. - ANS helper A TCR is a protein dimer embedded in the plasma membrane of a T cell. The ___________ region of each of the two protein chains is what gives it the capability to bind to a presented antigen. - ANS variable Peripheral tolerance mechanisms function on T cells after they mature and exit the ________. - ANS thymus Both ____________ and effector T cells are produced during differentiation of activated T cells. - ANS memory _________ antigens can stimulate B cells to become activated but require cytokine assistance delivered by helper T cells. - ANS T-dependent T-independent antigens can stimulate B cells to become activated and secrete antibodies without assistance from helper T cells. These antigens posses ________ antigenitc epitopes that cross-link BCRs. - ANS repetitive A ____________ pathogen is in a weakened state; it is still capable of stimulating an immune response but does not cause a disease. - ANS attenuated ___________ immunity occurs when antibodies from one individual are harvested and given to another to protect against disease or treat active disease. - ANS Artificial passive In the practice of ____________, scabs from smallpox victims were used to immunize susceptible individuals against smallpox. - ANS variolation