UTMB 5355 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023/2024 LATEST GUIDE.

UTMB 5355 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023/2024 LATEST GUIDE. 1. Oncogenes: cancer causing genes, promote uncontrolled growth of cells 2. Proto-oncogenes: promote normal cell growth factor and division 3. If proto-oncogenes are mutated the become -: Oncogenes 4. Tumor Supressor Genes (TSGs) are: Antioncogenes 5. antioncogenes: inhibit tumor progression & prevent mutations 6. Cancer develops with increase in - and decrease in -: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes 7. What are the 2 main types of Tumor Suppressor Genes?: Gatekeepers & Caretakers 8. tumor suppressor genes: encode proteins that inhibit growth, prevent and repair mutations but if mutated will increase cancer risk 9. Gatekeeper: regulate cell proliferation, cell type specific, normally prevent uncon- trolled growth and potential progression of cancer 10. Caretaker: suppress gene mutations, repair DNA, if not functioning correctly mutation can occur 11. How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?: Inflammation increases free radicals and reactive oxygen species which promote mutation 12. interfere with insulin signaling leading to insulin resistance in stress, obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes.: Pro-inflammatory cytokines 13. TP53 gene: tumor suppressor gene, if lost due to mutation cells escape apop- tosis and can divide indefinitely increasing risk of cancer 14. tumor necrosis factor is _ cytokine: pro-inflammatory, may be related to carcinogenesis 15. 4 functions of TNF: 1)cell survival 2)cell proliferation 3 / 6 3) cell differentiation 4)cell death 16. CA therapy in relation to TNF: Modulation of TNF/receptors 17. tumor markers: not used to diagnose, but can be useful in surveillance of cancers or after cancer treatments, elevated in some cancers 18. tumor markers are produced by both: benign & malignant cells, increased levels seen in cancerous/noncancerous tumors 19. tumor markers include: hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens and antibodies 20. CA19-9: pancreatic cancer 21. CA-125: ovarian cancer .