PATHO 370 TEST 1 2023 LATEST UPDATE

PATHO 370 TEST 1 2023 LATEST UPDATE • QuestionI1 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints All Ithe IfollowingIstress-induced IhormonesIincrease IbloodIglucoseIexcept SelectedIAnswer: c. Ialdosterone. Correct IAnswer: c. Ialdosterone. Response IFeedback : AldosteroneIresultsIinIwaterIandIsodiumIretentionIandIpotassiumIloss IinIthe Iurine. IIt IdoesInot Iaffect IbloodIglucose. ICortisol IisIa Iglucocorticoid IsecretedIbyIthe Iadrenal Icortex. ICortisol Istimulates IgluconeogenesisIinIthe Iliver, IthusIincreasingIbloodIglucose. Norepinephrine IinhibitsIinsulin Isecretion, IthusIincreasing Iblood sI ugar. IEpinephrine Iincreases Iglucose Irelease Ifrom Ithe Iliver Iand IinhibitsIinsulinIsecretion, IthusIincreasingIbloodIglucose. • QuestionI2 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheImost IcommonItumor-suppressorIgeneIdefect IidentifiedIinIcancerIcellsIis SI electedIAnswer: c. IRb. Correct IAnswer: b. IP53. Response IFeedback : The Imost Icommon Itumor-suppressorIgene Idefect Iidentified Iin Icancer IcellsIinvolvesIP53. IMore Ithan IhalfIofIall ItypesIofIhuman ItumorsIlack Ifunctional IP53, Iwhich IinhibitsIcell Icycling. IRb, IDC, Iand IAPCIare Inot tI he Imost Icommon Itumor-suppressor Igene IdefectsIidentified Iin Icancer Icells. • QuestionI3 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Necrotic IdeathIofIbrainItissue IusuallyIproduces necrosis. electedIAnswer: d. Iliquefactive Correct IAnswer: d. Iliquefactive I Response IFeedback : Liquefactive InecrosisIisIproducedIwhenIbrainItissueIdies, IasIit IisIrich IinIenzymesIand IhasIlittle Iconnective Itissue. ICoagulative Inecrosis IoccursIfromIischemic IinjuryIinIanyItissue. ICaseousInecrosisIoccursIin IlungItissue Idamaged IbyItuberculosis. IFat InecrosisIoccursIinIadipose I(fat)Itissue. • QuestionI4 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints YourIpatient IeatsI“lotsIofIfat,”IleadsIaI“stressful” Ilife, IandIhasIsmokedI“about Itwo IpacksIaIdayIforItheIlast I40Iyears.”IHerIchronic ImorningIcoughIrecentlyIworsened, Iand sI heIwasIdiagnosedIwithIaIlungImass. IThe Imost IlikelyIcontributing IfactorIfor Idevelopment IofIlungIcancerIinIthisIpatient Iis SelectedIAnswer: b. IcigaretteIsmoking. ICorrect IAnswer: b. IcigaretteIsmoking. Response IFeedback : The Imost IlikelyIcontributingIfactorIforIthe Idevelopment IofIlung IcancerIisIcigaretteIsmoking. ITobaccoIsmoke IcontainsIhundredsIof Icompounds, ImanyIofIwhichIhave IknownIgenotoxicityIandIprobably sI erve IasIinitiators. ITobaccoIsmoke IalsoIcontainsIpromoters, Iwhich IspurIthe Imutant IcellsItoIproliferate. IAlthoughIa Ihigh-fat Idiet, Iurban Ipollutants, IandIa Istressful Ilifestyle Ihave IbeenIimplicatedIinIsome ItypesIofIcancer, ItheyIare Inot ItheIlikelyIcontributingIfactorIinIyour Ipatient’sIlungIcancer. • QuestionI5 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints InIgeneral, IwithIaging, IorganIsizeIandIfunction SI electedIAnswer: a. Idecrease. Correct IAnswer: a. Idecrease. ResponseIFeedback: InIgeneral, IwithIaging, IorganIsizeIandIfunctionIdecrease. • QuestionI6 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIhypermetabolicIstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIterminal IcancerIisIthought ItoIbeIbecause Iof SelectedIAnswer: a. ItumorInecrosisIfactor. ICorrect IAnswer: a. ItumorInecrosisIfactor. Response IFeedback : ProductionIofItumorInecrosisIfactorI(TNF)IandIotherIimmune IcytokinesIisIthought ItoIbeIimportant IinIproducingIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIcancer. IAngiogenesisIisIthe Idevelopment IofInewIbloodIvesselsItoIfeed Ithe Itumor; Iit IisInot IaIcause IofIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIterminal Icancer. ILossIof IATP IproductionIandIpainImedicationsIisInot IcausesIofIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexiaIinIterminalIcancer. • QuestionI7 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AnIincreaseIinIorganIsizeIandIfunctionIcausedIbyIincreasedIworkloadIisItermed SI electedIAnswer: d. Ihypertrophy. Correct IAnswer: d. Ihypertrophy. Response IFeedback : IncreasedIfunctionIofIanIorganIsuchIasIthe Iheart IorIskeletal Imuscle rI esultsIinIorganIhypertrophyIbecause IofIcellularIenlargement. AtrophyIrefersItoIreductionIinIsize IofIanIorganIbecause IofIcellular Ishrinkage. IMetaplasia IrefersItoIreplacement IofIone IdifferentiatedIcell tI ypeIwithIanother. IInflammationIresultsIfromIimmuneIresponse Irather tI hanIworkload. • QuestionI8 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIstageIduringIwhichItheIpatient IfunctionsInormally, IalthoughItheIdiseaseIprocesses IareIwell Iestablished, IisIreferred ItoIas SelectedIAnswer: c. Isubclinical. Correct IAnswer: c. Isubclinical. Response IFeedback : The Istage Iduring IwhichIthe Ipatient IfunctionsInormally, IalthoughIthe IdiseaseIprocessesIareIwell Iestablished, IisIcalledIthe Isubclinical Istage. I The Iinterval IbetweenIexposureIofIaItissue ItoIanIinjuriousIagent Iand Ithe Ifirst Iappearance IofIsignsIandIsymptomsImayIbeIcalledIaIlatent IperiodIor, IinIthe IcaseIofIinfectiousIdiseases, IanIincubationIperiod. IThe Iprodromal Iperiod, IorIprodrome, IrefersItoIthe Iappearance IofIthe Ifirst IsignsIandIsymptomsIindicatingIthe Ionset IofIaIdisease. IConvalescence IisIthe IstageIofIrecoveryIafterIaIdisease, Iinjury, IorIsurgical Ioperation. • QuestionI9 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Selye’sIthreeIphasesIofItheIstressIresponseIincludeIall ItheIfollowingIexcept SelectedIAnswer: d. Iallostasis. ICorrect IAnswer: d. Iallostasis. Response IFeedback : AllostasisIisIdefinedIasIthe IabilityItoIsuccessfullyIadapt Ito Ichallenges. IAllostasisImay/mayInot IoccurIinIresponse ItoIstress. IAlarm, Iresistance, Iand IexhaustionIare Ithe Ithree IphasesIofIthe Istress IresponseIasIdescribedIbyISelye IinIthe Igeneral IadaptationIsyndrome. • QuestionI10 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AfterIsurgeryItoIremove IaIlungItumor, IyourIpatient IisIscheduledIforIchemotherapy, IwhichIwill SelectedIAnswer: a. Ikill IrapidlyIdividingIcells. CI orrect IAnswer: a. Ikill IrapidlyIdividingIcells. Response IFeedback : ChemotherapyIkillsIrapidlyIdividingIcells. IChemotherapyIdoesInot sI electivelyIkill ItumorIcells, Ibut IaffectsIall IrapidlyIdividingIcells. ChemotherapyIhasImanyIdamagingIsideIeffects. IImmunotherapyIuses ItheIpowerIofIthe Iimmune IsystemIand IhasIthe Ipotential IforItargeting IcancerIcells. • QuestionI11 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AI17-year-oldIcollege-boundIstudent IreceivesIaIvaccine Iagainst IanIorganismIthat IcausesImeningitis. IThisIisIanIexampleIof SelectedIAnswer: c. IprimaryIprevention. ICorrect IAnswer: c. IprimaryIprevention. Response IFeedback : PrimaryIpreventionIisIprevention IofIdisease IbyIalteringIsusceptibility orIreducing IexposureIforIsusceptible IindividualsIbyIproviding Ivaccination. ISecondaryIpreventionIisIthe IearlyIdetection, Iscreening, IandImanagement IofIthe Idisease. ITertiaryIpreventionIincludes Irehabilitative IandIsupportive Icare IandIattemptsItoIalleviateIdisability IandIrestoreIeffective Ifunctioning. IDisease Itreatment Iinvolves Imanagement IofItheIdisease Ionce Iit IhasIdeveloped. • QuestionI12 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints The Inurse IisIswabbing IaIpatient’sIthroat ItoItest IforIstreptococcal Ipharyngitis. IThe Inurse Imust IunderstandIthat ItestsIsuchIasIthisIdifferIinItheIprobabilityIthat ItheyIwill Ibe Ipositive IforIaIconditionIwhenIappliedItoIaIpersonIwithIthe Icondition; IthisIprobability IisItermedIsensitivity. SelectedIAnswer: b. ITrue ICorrect IAnswer: b.ITrue Response IFeedback : The IsensitivityIofIanyItest IrefersItoItheIprobabilityIthat Ithe Itest Iwill Ibe Ipositive IwhenIapplied ItoIaIpersonIwithIthe IconditionIandIwill Inot Iprovide IaIfalse Inegative Iresult. IInIcontrast, IspecificityIisIthe IprobabilityIthat IaItest Iwill Ibe Inegative IwhenIappliedItoIaIpersonIwho IdoesInot Ihave Ia IgivenIcondition. • QuestionI13 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints CancerIgradingIisIbased Ion SelectedIAnswer: c. Icell Idifferentiation. CI orrect IAnswer: c. Icell Idifferentiation. Response GradingIrefersItoItheIhistologicIcharacterizationIofItumorIcellsIand Feedback: isIbasicallyIaIdeterminationIofIthe Idegree IofIanaplasia I(lack Iof Idifferentiation). ITheIotherIanswerIoptionsIareIassociatedIwithItumor sI taging. • QuestionI14 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints IndicatorsIthat IanIindividual IisIexperiencingIhighIstressIincludeIall Ithe Ifollowing except SelectedIAnswer: c. Ipupil Iconstriction. ICorrect IAnswer: c. Ipupil Iconstriction. Response IFeedback : PupilsIdilateIduringIstressIfromIthe IeffectsIofIcatecholamines. ITachycardia, Idiaphoresis, IandIincreasedIperipheral Iresistance Iare IindicatorsIofIstressIandIalsoIoccurIbecauseIofIcatecholamine Irelease. • QuestionI15 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints RetrovirusesIare IassociatedIwithIhumanIcancers, Iincluding ISelectedIAnswer: b. Ihepatic Icancer. Correct IAnswer: c. IBurkitt Ilymphoma. Response IFeedback : At Ileast IthreeIretrovirusesIareIthought ItoIbe Icausative IfactorsIinIsome hI umanIcancers: IHIVIKaposi Isarcoma, IEpstein–BarrIinIBurkitt Ilymphoma, IandIhumanIT-lymphocyte Itype IIIinIT-cell Ileukemia– Ilymphoma. IThe IotherIanswerIoptionsIare Inot IassociatedIwithIa Iretrovirus. • QuestionI16 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AnIobese Ibut IotherwiseIhealthyIteenIisIgivenIaIprescriptionIforIaIlow-calorieIdiet Iand Iexercise Iprogram. IThisIisIanIexample Iof SelectedIAnswer: b. IsecondaryIprevention. Correct IAnswer: b. IsecondaryIprevention. Response IFeedback : SecondaryIpreventionIisIthe IearlyIdetection, Iscreening, Iand Imanagement IofIthe Idisease IsuchIasIprescribingIdiet IandIexercise Ifor IanIindividual IwhoIhasIalreadyIdevelopedIobesity. IPrimaryIprevention IisIpreventionIofIdisease IbyIalteringIsusceptibilityIorIreducing Iexposure IforIsusceptible Iindividuals. ITertiaryIpreventionIincludes Irehabilitative IandIsupportive Icare IandIattemptsItoIalleviateIdisability IandIrestoreIeffective Ifunctioning. IDisease Itreatment Iinvolves Imanagement IofItheIdisease Ionce Iit IhasIdeveloped. • QuestionI17 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AfterIbronchoscopyIandIhistologicIexaminationIofIaIsuspectedItumor, IyourIpatient Iis IdiagnosedIwithIprimaryIbronchial Icarcinoma. IThus, Ithe Itumor SelectedIAnswer: d. IisImalignant. Correct IAnswer: d. IisImalignant. Response IFeedback : Bronchial Icarcinoma IisIaImalignant IcancerIofIthe Iepithelial IliningIof tI heIbronchi. ICarcinoma IrefersItoIaImalignant Itumor. IPrimary IindicatesIthat Ithe IcancerIbeganIinIthe IlungsIandIdidInot Imetastasize IfromIanotherIsite. IAIstagingIprocedureImust IbeIdoneIbeforeIknowing IifItheIlung IcancerIhasIspread. • QuestionI18 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints ApoptosisIisIaIprocessIthat IresultsIinIcellular SI electedIAnswer: a. Ideath. Correct IAnswer: a. Ideath. Response IFeedback : ApoptosisIresultsIinIdeathIofIaIcell IwhenIit IisInoIlongerIneeded. IAtrophyIrefersItoIreductionIinIsizeIofIanIorganIbecauseIofIcellular sI hrinkage. IProliferationIrefersItoIgrowthIofInewIcells. IMutation IrefersItoIalterationIinIthe Igenetic IstructureIofIcellularIDNA. • QuestionI19 I 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Extreme Icold IinjuresIcellsIbyIall Ithe Ifollowing Iexcept ISelectedIAnswer: d. Idecreased Iblood Iviscosity. ICorrect IAnswer: d. IdecreasedIbloodIviscosity. Response IFeedback : HypothermiaIcausesIincreasedIbloodIviscosity, IwhichIcanIresult Iin Iischemic Iinjury. IInitialIvasoconstrictionIcausesIischemic Iinjury. ReboundIvasodilationIleadsItoIintense IswellingIwhichIdamages Iperipheral Inerves. ICrystallizationIofIcellularIcomponentsIleadsIto IruptureIofIthese Icomponents. • QuestionI20 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints WhenIthe IcauseIisIunknown, Ia IconditionIisIsaidItoIbeIidiopathic SI electedIAnswer: a. ITrue Correct IAnswer: a.ITrue ResponseIFeedback: ManyIdiseasesIareIidiopathicIinInature. • QuestionI21 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AIpatient IwithImetastaticIlungIcancerIwantsItoIknowIherIchancesIforIsurvival. IWhich Iresponse IisIcorrect? SelectedIAnswer: c. I“LungIcancerIhasIabout IaI15%Isurvival Irate.” ICorrect IAnswer: c. I“LungIcancerIhasIabout IaI15%Isurvival Irate.” Response IFeedback : LungIcancerIhasIaI15%Isurvival Irate. ILung IcancerIisInot Ialways Ifatal, Ibut IisInot IhighlyIcurable Iat IanyIstageIofIdiagnosis. IThe Ideath rI ateIfromIlungIcancerIhasIincreasedIdramatically. • QuestionI22 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AllostasisIisIbest IdefinedIas Selected Answer: Correct IAnswer : Response IFeedback : c. Ithe Ioverall IprocessIofIadaptive Ichange InecessaryItoImaintain Isurvival IandIwell-being. c. Ithe Ioverall IprocessIofIadaptive Ichange InecessaryItoImaintain sI urvival IandIwell-being. AllostasisIrefersItoItheIoverall IprocessIofIadaptive Ichange InecessaryItoImaintainIsurvival IandIwell-being. • QuestionI23 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AIpatient IhasIbeenIexposedItoImeningococcal Imeningitis, Ibut IisInot Iyet Idemonstrating sI ignsIofIthisIdisease. IThisIstageIofIillnessIisIcalledIthe stage. SelectedIAnswer: a. Ilatent orrect IAnswer: a. Ilatent Response IFeedback : IncubationIrefersItoItheIinterval IbetweenIexposureIofIaItissue ItoIan IinjuriousIagent IandIthe Ifirst Iappearance IofIsignsIandIsymptoms. IIn IinfectiousIdiseases, IthisIperiodIisIoftenIcalledIthe IincubationI(latent) pI eriod. IProdromal IrefersItoIthe Iappearance IofIthe Ifirst IsignsIand IsymptomsIindicatingIthe Ionset IofIa Idisease. IThese IareIoften Inonspecific, IsuchIasIheadache, Imalaise, Ianorexia, IandInausea, Iwhich aI reIassociatedIwithIaInumberIofIdifferent Idiseases. ISequela IrefersIto sI ubsequent Ipathologic IconditionIresultingIfromIaIdisease. ConvalescenceIisIthe IstageIofIrecoveryIafterIaIdisease, Iinjury, Ior Isurgical Ioperation. • QuestionI24 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Malignant IneoplasmsIofIepiphelial IoriginIare IknownIas SI electedIAnswer: b. Icarcinomas. Correct IAnswer: b. Icarcinomas. Response IFeedback : Carcinoma IrefersItoImalignant ItumorsIofIepithelial Iorigin. ILymphomaIrefersItoIcancerIofIthe Ilymphatic Itissue. ISarcomaIrefers toImalignant ItumorsIofImesenchymal I(nerve, Ibone, Imuscle)Iorigin. AI denoma IisIaIbenignItumorIofIglandularItissue. • QuestionI25 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AIdiseaseIthat IisInativeItoIaIparticularIregionIisIcalled SI electedIAnswer: a. Iendemic. Correct IAnswer: a. Iendemic. Response IFeedback : AIdiseaseIthat IisInativeItoIaIparticularIregionIisIcalledIendemic. IAn Iepidemic IisIaIdisease Ithat IspreadsItoImanyIindividualsIat Ithe Isame Itime. IPandemicsIareIepidemicsIthat Iaffect IlargeIgeographicIregions, pI erhapsIspreading Iworldwide. • QuestionI26 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints CarbonImonoxide IinjuresIcellsIby SelectedIAnswer: d. Ireducing IoxygenIlevel IonIhemoglobin. ICorrect IAnswer: d. IreducingIoxygenIlevel IonIhemoglobin. Response IFeedback CarbonImonoxide IbindsItightlyItoIhemoglobinIpreventing Ithe Ired IbloodIcell IfromIcarryingIadequateIoxygen, IleadingItoIhypoxicIinjury. : OI therIchemicalsIsuchIasIcarbonItetrachloride IpromoteIfree Iradicals, IwhichIinjureIcellsIandIdestroyIcellularImembranes. ICrystallizationIof IcellularIorganellesIisIcausedIbyIhypothermia. • QuestionI27 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Breast IcancerIinIwomenIwhoIhaveItheIbreast IcancerIgene SelectedIAnswer: b. IisImore IcommonIthanInon-inheritedIbreast Icancer. CI orrect IAnswer: a. IoccursIat IanIearlierIage. Response IFeedback : TheIageIofIonset IofIinheritedIbreast IcancerIisIearlierIthanIthe Ionset Iof nI on-inheritedIformsIand Ithe IprevalenceIofIbilateral Ibreast IcancerIis Ihigher. IBreast IcancerIinIwomenIwhoIhave Ithe Ibreast IcancerIgene Iis IlessIcommonI(onlyI5%ItoI10%IofIall Icases)IthanInon-inherited IbreastIcancerIandIisImoreIlikelyItoIbeIbilateral. IResponseItoItreatment IisInotIaffectedIbyIwhetherIthe IcancerIgeneIisIpresent. • QuestionI28 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Paraneoplastic IsyndromesIinIcancerIinvolve Iexcessive IproductionIofIsubstancesIby Imultiple Imeans. IAIcommonIsubstance Ifound IinIexcessive IamountsIresultingIfrom IcancerIparaneoplastic IsyndromesIis SelectedIAnswer: c. Icalcium. ICorrect IAnswer: c. Icalcium. Response IFeedback : CommonIparaneoplastic IsyndromesIinclude Ihypercalcemia IassociatedIwithIabnormal IproductionIofIparathyroidIhormone-related proteinIbyItumorIcells. IInsulinIisIa Igeneral IgrowthIfactorIforIa InumberIofItissuesIand ImayIbe IimplicatedIinIdevelopment IofIsome Icancers, Ibut Iit IisInot IaIcause IofIparaneoplastic Isyndromes. ITumor InecrosisIfactorIisIassociatedIwithIcachexia IinIcancer, Ibut Iit IisInot IassociatedIwithIparaneoplastic IdisordersIofIcancer. IPotassiumIisInot IfoundIinIexcessIamountsIinIcancer. • QuestionI29 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Persistence IofIthe IalarmIstage Iwill IultimatelyIresult Iin ISelectedIAnswer: d. Imovement IintoIthe Iresistance Istage. ICorrect IAnswer: b. Ipermanent Idamage Iand Ideath. Response IFeedback : IfItheIalarmIstageIwere ItoIpersist, ItheIbodyIwouldIsoonIsufferIundue wI earIand ItearIandIbecome Isubject ItoIpermanent Idamage IandIeven Ideath. IActionsItakenIbyIthe Iindividual IduringIthe Iresistance Istage Ilead ItoIstressIreduction. IThe Iresistance IstageImayIorImayInot Ioccur IfollowingIthe IalarmIstage, IbasedIonIresourceIavailability. IThe IsympatheticInervousIsystemIwill Icontinue ItoIfunction, IresultingIin continuedIrelease IofIstressIhormones. • QuestionI30 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints The IprimaryIeffect IofIagingIonIall IbodyIsystemsIis ISelectedIAnswer: a. IdecreasedIfunctional Ireserve. ICorrect IAnswer: a. IdecreasedIfunctional Ireserve. Response IFeedback : All IbodyIsystemsIshowIage-relatedIchangesIthat IcanIbe Igenerally IdescribedIasIa Idecrease IinIfunctional Ireserve; IagingIleadsItoIinability ItoIadapt ItoI(internal IandIexternal)Ienvironmental Ichanges. INot Iall IeffectsIofIagingIare IconsideredIdisease; Isome Iare IconsideredIa InormalIpart IofIaging. IProgrammed Isenescence IisIcurrentlyIonlyIa ItheoryIofIagingIthat IstatesIcellsIhaveIaIpreprogrammedInumberIofIcell IdivisionsIbefore ItheyIwill Idie. ISenilityIisIanIoutdatedItermIusedIto Idescribe Ithe Icognitive IchangesIassociatedIwithIdementia; Idementia Iis Ia Idisease Iand IisInot IaInormal Ipart IofIaging. • QuestionI31 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIprimaryIadaptive IpurposeIofItheIsubstancesIproducedIinIthe IalarmIstageIis ISelectedIAnswer: b. IenergyIandIrepair. Correct IAnswer: b. IenergyIandIrepair. Response IFeedback : These IresourcesIare Iused IforIenergyIand IasIbuildingIblocks, IespeciallyIthe Iamino Iacids, IforIthe IlaterIgrowthIandIrepairIofIthe Iorganism. IThe IsubstancesIdoInot IproduceIa Iresting Istate. IThe IsubstancesIcanIproduce IexhaustionIifItheyIcontinue, Ibut Ithat IisInot Ithe IadaptiveIpurposeIofIthese. IAlthoughIa InewIbaseline Isteady-state ImayIresult IfromIthe IstressIresponse Ithat IisInot ItheIadaptive IpurposeIof ItheIsubstancesIproducedIduring Ithe IalarmIstage. • QuestionI32 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints InIgeneral, IaIcancerIcell Ithat IisImoreItissue-specific IdifferentiatedIisImoreIlikelyItoIbe Iaggressive. SelectedIAnswer: b. ITrue ICorrect IAnswer: a.IFalse Response IFeedback : The Idegree IofItissue-specific IdifferentiationIpredictsImalignant Ipotential. IAIlackIofIdifferentiatedIfeaturesIinIaIcancerIcell IisIcalled Ianaplasia, IandIaIgreaterIdegreeIofIanaplasia IisIcorrelatedIwithIaImore IaggressivelyImalignant Itumor. • QuestionI33 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIcellularIcomponent Ithat IisImost Isusceptible ItoIradiationIinjuryIisIthe SI electedIAnswer: b. IDNA. Correct IAnswer: b. IDNA. Response IFeedback : CellularIDNAIisIparticularlyIsusceptible ItoIdamageIfromIradiation viaIbreakageIofIthe IbondsIholdingIthe IlinearIDNAItogether. ICell Imembranes, IRNA, IandIribosomesIare Inot Ithe Imost Isusceptible Ito IradiationIinjury. • QuestionI34 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints All Ithese IcellularIresponsesIareIpotentiallyIreversibleIexcept SelectedIAnswer: b. Inecrosis. ICorrect IAnswer: b.Inecrosis. Response IFeedback : NecrosisIrefersItoIdeathIofIcells/tissue IandIisInot Ireversible. IMetaplasia IrefersItoIthe Ireplacement IofIone IdifferentiatedIcell Itype IwithIanotherIfromIpersistent IinjuryIandIisIreversibleIwhenIthe Iinjury sI tops. IAtrophyIoccursIbecause IofIlackIofIuse IofIanIorganIandIis Ireversible. IHyperplasia IisIanIincrease IinIthe InumberIofIcellsIfrom Iincreased Iphysiologic IdemandsIorIhormonal IstimulationIandIis Ireversible. • QuestionI35 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIeffectsIofIexcessiveIcortisol IproductionIinclude ISelectedIAnswer: a. Iimmune Isuppression. Correct IAnswer: a. Iimmune Isuppression. Response IFeedback : Cortisol IsuppressesIimmune IfunctionIandIinflammationIand IstimulatesIappetite. ICortisol IleadsItoIhyperglycemiaIbyIstimulating gI luconeogenesisIinItheIliver. • QuestionI36 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints C.Q. IwasIrecentlyIexposedItoIgroupIAIhemolytic IStreptococcusIandIsubsequently IdevelopedIaIpharyngeal Iinfection. IHisIclinic IexaminationIrevealsIanIoral Itemperature oI fI102.3°F, IskinIrash, Idysphagia, IandIreddenedIthroat ImucosaIwithImultiple Ipustules. HI eIcomplainsIofIsoreIthroat, Imalaise, IandIjoint Istiffness. IAIthroat IcultureIisIpositive IforIStreptococcus, IandIantibioticsIhave IbeenIprescribed. IThe IetiologyIofIC.Q.’s IdiseaseIis SelectedIAnswer: b. Istreptococcal Iinfection. ICorrect IAnswer: b. Istreptococcal Iinfection. Response IFeedback : EtiologyIrefersItoItheIproposedIcauseIorIcausesIofIaIparticularIdisease process.IAIsoreIthroat IisItheImanifestationIofItheIdiseaseIprocess. Genetic IsusceptibilityIrefersItoIinheritedItendencyItoIdevelopIa Idisease. IPharyngitisIrefersItoIinflammationIofIthe Ithroat IandIisIalsoIa Iclinical ImanifestationIofIthe Idisease Iprocess. • QuestionI37 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIcellularIchange Ithat IisIconsideredIpreneoplasticIis SI electedIAnswer: b. Idysplasia. Correct IAnswer: b. Idysplasia. Response IFeedback : Dysplastic IcellsIhave Ithe Ipotential ItoIbecome IcancerousIandIare IthereforeIreferredItoIasIpreneoplastic.IAnaplasia, Imetaplasia, Iand hyperplasia IareInot IconsideredIpreneoplastic. • QuestionI38 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints ManyIofItheIresponsesItoIstressIareIattributedItoIactivationIofItheIsympathetic Inervous sI ystemIand Iare ImediatedIby SelectedIAnswer: b. Inorepinephrine. ICorrect IAnswer: b. Inorepinephrine. Response IFeedback Norepinephrine IisIsecretedIinIresponse ItoIactivationIofIthe Isympathetic InervousIsystemIduring IstressIbyIthe Iadrenal Imedulla. : CI ortisol IisIsecretedIbyIthe Iadrenal Icortex. IGlucagonIisIsecretedIby tI heIpancreas. IACTHIisIsecretedIbyIthe IpituitaryIgland. • QuestionI39 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints ReperfusionIinjuryItoIcells SelectedIAnswer: d. IresultsIfromIcalciumIdeficiencyIinIcells. ICorrect IAnswer: b. IinvolvesIformationIofIfree Iradicals. Response IFeedback : Free IradicalsIare Iformed IwhenIhigh-energyIelectronsIpartiallyIreduce oI xygenIinIreperfusionIinjury. IReperfusionIinjuryIusuallyIcausesImore Icell Idamage IthanIthe Ioriginal Ihypoxia. IIt IresultsIfromIcalcium IoverloadIinIthe Icells. IReperfusionIinjuryIresultsIfromIhypoxic Iinjury, rI atherIthanIfromInutritional Iinjury. • QuestionI40 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints OfItheIstatementsIbelow, ItheIaccurateIstatement IregardingInutritionIandIcellularIhealthIis Selected d. Ideficient IcellularIuptakeIbyIoneIcell Itype ImayIcontribute Ito Answer: excessInutrient IdeliveryItoIotherIcell Itypes. Correct IAnswer : Response IFeedback : d. Ideficient IcellularIuptakeIbyIone Icell Itype ImayIcontribute Ito eI xcessInutrient IdeliveryItoIotherIcell Itypes. Deficient IcellularIuptake IbyIone Icell Itype ImayIcontributeItoIexcess Inutrient IdeliveryItoIotherIcell ItypesIsuchIasIinIdiabetesImellitus. IMost IofIthese Iessential InutrientsImust IbeIobtainedIfromIexternal Isources, Ibecause Ithe Icell IisIunable ItoImanufactureIthem. IObesityIinvolvesIan IexcessIofIcaloric Iintake. IThe IBMIIisIaImeasureIforIobesity, Ibut Idoes Inot Iindicate IifIaInutritional IimbalanceIisIpresent. Monday, INovemberI5, I2018I6:10:22IPMIPST Question I1 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Proto-oncogenes SelectedIAnswer: c. Iare Inormal IcellularIgenesIthat IpromoteIgrowth. ICorrect IAnswer: c. IareInormal IcellularIgenesIthat IpromoteIgrowth. Response IFeedback : Proto-oncogenesIare Inormal IcellularIgenesIthat IpromoteIgrowth. IProto-oncogenesIare Inot Ithe Isame IasIoncogenes, IwhichIare Imutant proto-oncogenes. ITheyIare Idifferent IfromItumor-suppressorIgenes IandIdoInot IalterItumor-suppressorIgenes. IMutational IeventsIleadIto Ioncogenes, IaImutatedIproto-oncogene. Question I2 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints IndicatorsIthat IanIindividual IisIexperiencingIhighIstressIincludeIall Ithe Ifollowing except SelectedIAnswer: c. Ipupil Iconstriction. ICorrect IAnswer: c. Ipupil Iconstriction. Response IFeedback : PupilsIdilateIduring IstressIfromIthe IeffectsIofIcatecholamines. ITachycardia, Idiaphoresis, IandIincreasedIperipheral Iresistance Iare IindicatorsIofIstressIandIalsoIoccurIbecauseIofIcatecholamine Irelease. I I Question I3 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIhypermetabolicIstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIterminal IcancerIisIthought ItoIbe Ibecause Iof SelectedIAnswer: d. ItumorInecrosisIfactor. ICorrect IAnswer: d. ItumorInecrosisIfactor. Response IFeedback : ProductionIofItumorInecrosisIfactorI(TNF)IandIotherIimmune IcytokinesIisIthought ItoIbeIimportant IinIproducingIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIcancer. IAngiogenesisIisIthe Idevelopment IofInewIbloodIvesselsItoIfeed Ithe Itumor; Iit IisInot Ia Icause IofIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIterminal Icancer. ILossIof IATP IproductionIandIpainImedicationsIisInot IcausesIofIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexiaIinIterminal Icancer. Question I4 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIstageIduringIwhichItheIpatient IfunctionsInormally, IalthoughItheIdiseaseIprocesses IareIwell Iestablished, IisIreferred ItoIas SelectedIAnswer: a. Isubclinical. Correct IAnswer: a. Isubclinical. Response IFeedback : The Istage Iduring IwhichIthe Ipatient IfunctionsInormally, IalthoughIthe Idisease IprocessesIare Iwell Iestablished, IisIcalled ItheIsubclinical Istage. IThe Iinterval IbetweenIexposureIofIa Itissue ItoIanIinjuriousIagent Iand Ithe Ifirst Iappearance IofIsignsIandIsymptomsImayIbeIcalledIaIlatent IperiodIor, IinIthe IcaseIofIinfectiousIdiseases, IanIincubationIperiod. IThe Iprodromal Iperiod, IorIprodrome, IrefersItoIthe Iappearance IofIthe Ifirst IsignsIandIsymptomsIindicatingIthe Ionset IofIa Idisease. IConvalescence IisIthe IstageIofIrecoveryIafterIaIdisease, Iinjury, IorIsurgical Ioperation. Question I5 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AIpatient IwithImetastaticIlungIcancerIwantsItoIknowIherIchancesIforIsurvival. IWhich Iresponse IisIcorrect? I I I I I I IISelectedIAnswer: a. I“LungIcancerIhasIabout Ia I15%Isurvival Irate.” ICorrect IAnswer: a. I“LungIcancerIhasIabout IaI15%Isurvival Irate.” Response IFeedback : LungIcancerIhasIaI15%Isurvival Irate. ILung IcancerIisInot Ialways Ifatal, Ibut IisInot IhighlyIcurable Iat IanyIstageIofIdiagnosis. IThe Ideath IrateIfromIlungIcancerIhasIincreasedIdramatically. Question I6 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIcellularIcomponent Ithat IisImost Isusceptible ItoIradiationIinjuryIisIthe SI electedIAnswer: d. IDNA. Correct IAnswer: d. IDNA. Response IFeedback : CellularIDNAIisIparticularlyIsusceptible ItoIdamageIfromIradiation viaIbreakageIofIthe IbondsIholdingIthe IlinearIDNAItogether. ICell Imembranes, IRNA, IandIribosomesIare Inot Ithe Imost Isusceptible Ito IradiationIinjury. Question I7 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints All Ithese IcellularIresponsesIareIpotentiallyIreversibleIexcept SelectedIAnswer: c. Inecrosis. ICorrect IAnswer: c. Inecrosis. Response IFeedback : NecrosisIrefersItoIdeathIofIcells/tissue IandIisInot Ireversible. IMetaplasia IrefersItoIthe Ireplacement IofIone IdifferentiatedIcell Itype IwithIanotherIfromIpersistent IinjuryIandIisIreversibleIwhenIthe Iinjury sI tops. IAtrophyIoccursIbecause IofIlackIofIuse IofIanIorganIandIis Ireversible. IHyperplasia IisIanIincrease IinIthe InumberIofIcellsIfrom Iincreased Iphysiologic IdemandsIorIhormonal IstimulationIandIis Ireversible. Question I8 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints I I I NecroticIdeathIofIbrainItissue IusuallyIproduces SI electedIAnswer: a. Iliquefactive Correct IAnswer: a. Iliquefactive necrosis. Response IFeedback : Liquefactive InecrosisIisIproducedIwhenIbrainItissueIdies, IasIit IisIrich IinIenzymesIand IhasIlittle Iconnective Itissue. ICoagulative Inecrosis IoccursIfromIischemic IinjuryIinIanyItissue. ICaseousInecrosisIoccursIin IlungItissue Idamaged IbyItuberculosis. IFat InecrosisIoccursIinIadipose I(fat)Itissue. Question I9 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AllostasisIisIbest IdefinedIas Selected IAnswer: Correct IAnswer : Response IFeedback : b. Ithe Ioverall IprocessIofIadaptive Ichange InecessaryItoImaintain sI urvival Iand Iwell-being. b. Ithe Ioverall IprocessIofIadaptive Ichange InecessaryItoImaintain sI urvival Iand Iwell-being. AllostasisIrefersItoIthe Ioverall IprocessIofIadaptive Ichange InecessaryItoImaintainIsurvival IandIwell-being. IQuestionI10 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AIpatient IhasIbeenIexposedItoImeningococcal Imeningitis, Ibut IisInot Iyet Idemonstrating signsIofIthisIdisease. IThisIstageIofIillnessIisIcalledIthe SI electedIAnswer: c. Ilatent Correct IAnswer: c. Ilatent stage. Response IFeedback : IncubationIrefersItoItheIinterval IbetweenIexposureIofIaItissue ItoIan IinjuriousIagent IandIthe Ifirst Iappearance IofIsignsIandIsymptoms. IIn IinfectiousIdiseases, IthisIperiodIisIoftenIcalledIthe IincubationI(latent) Iperiod. IProdromal IrefersItoIthe Iappearance IofIthe Ifirst IsignsIand IsymptomsIindicatingIthe Ionset IofIa Idisease. IThese IareIoften Inonspecific, IsuchIasIheadache, Imalaise, Ianorexia, IandInausea, Iwhich IareIassociatedIwithIaInumberIofIdifferent Idiseases. ISequela IrefersIto Isubsequent Ipathologic IconditionIresultingIfromIaIdisease. I ConvalescenceIisIthe IstageIofIrecoveryIafterIaIdisease, Iinjury, Ior sI urgical Ioperation. IQuestionI11 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIcellularIresponseIindicativeIofIinjuryIbecauseIofIfaultyImetabolismIis ISelectedIAnswer: b. IintracellularIaccumulations. Correct IAnswer: b. IintracellularIaccumulations. Response IFeedback : IntracellularIaccumulationsIresult IfromIfaultyImetabolismIofIlipids, Icarbohydrates, Iglycogen, IandIproteins. IHydropic IswellingIresults IfromImalfunctionIofIthe Isodium-potassiumIpump. ILactateIproduction IresultsIfromIanaerobic Iglycolytic Ipathway. IMetaplasia IoccursIfrom Ipersistent Icell Iinjury. IQuestionI12 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints CarbonImonoxide IinjuresIcellsIby SelectedIAnswer: b. Ireducing IoxygenIlevel IonIhemoglobin. ICorrect IAnswer: b. IreducingIoxygenIlevel IonIhemoglobin. Response IFeedback : CarbonImonoxide IbindsItightlyItoIhemoglobinIpreventing Ithe Ired IbloodIcell IfromIcarryingIadequateIoxygen, IleadingItoIhypoxicIinjury. OtherIchemicalsIsuchIasIcarbonItetrachloride IpromoteIfreeIradicals, IwhichIinjureIcellsIandIdestroyIcellularImembranes. ICrystallizationIof cI ellularIorganellesIisIcausedIbyIhypothermia. IQuestionI13 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIeffect IofIstressIonItheIimmune Isystem Selected IAnswer: a. ImayIinvolve Ienhancement IorIimpairment Ithe Iimmune Isystem. Correct IAnswer: a. ImayIinvolve Ienhancement IorIimpairment Ithe Iimmune Isystem. Response IFeedback : ManyIstudiesIdemonstrateIthat Ilong-termIstressIimpairsIthe Iimmune Isystem, Ibut ImanyIresearchersIidentifyIthat Ishort-term sI tressImayIenhance ItheIimmune Isystem. IQuestionI14 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AIpatient IwithIhighIbloodIpressureIwhoIisIotherwiseIhealthyIisIcounseledItoIrestrict sI odiumIintake. IThisIisIanIexample Iof SelectedIAnswer: d. IsecondaryIprevention. ICorrect IAnswer: d. IsecondaryIprevention. Response IFeedback : SecondaryIpreventionIisIthe IearlyIdetection, Iscreening, Iand Imanagement IofIthe Idisease, IsuchIasIbyIprescribing IsodiumIrestriction IforIhighIbloodIpressure. IPrimaryIpreventionIisIpreventionIofIdisease IbyIalteringIsusceptibilityIorIreducing IexposureIforIsusceptible Iindividuals. ITertiaryIpreventionIincludesIrehabilitativeIandIsupportive IcareIandIattemptsItoIalleviate IdisabilityIandIrestoreIeffective Ifunctioning. IDisease Itreatment IinvolvesImanagement IofIthe Idisease IonceIit IhasIdeveloped. IQuestionI15 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints The Inurse IisIswabbing Ia Ipatient’sIthroat ItoItest IforIstreptococcal Ipharyngitis. IThe Inurse Imust IunderstandIthat ItestsIsuchIasIthisIdifferIinItheIprobabilityIthat ItheyIwill Ibe Ipositive IforIaIconditionIwhenIappliedItoIaIpersonIwithIthe Icondition; IthisIprobability IisItermedIsensitivity. SelectedIAnswer: b. ITrue ICorrect IAnswer: b.ITrue Response IFeedback : The IsensitivityIofIanyItest IrefersItoItheIprobabilityIthat Ithe Itest Iwill IbeIpositive IwhenIapplied ItoIaIpersonIwithIthe IconditionIandIwill Inot Iprovide Ia Ifalse Inegative Iresult. IInIcontrast, IspecificityIisIthe IprobabilityIthat IaItest Iwill IbeInegative IwhenIappliedItoIaIpersonIwho IdoesInot Ihave IaIgivenIcondition. IQuestionI16 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints OfItheIstatementsIbelow, ItheIaccurateIstatement IregardingInutritionIandIcellularIhealth Iis Selected IAnswer: Correct IAnswer : Response IFeedback : a. Ideficient IcellularIuptakeIbyIone Icell Itype ImayIcontribute Ito eI xcessInutrient IdeliveryItoIotherIcell Itypes. a. Ideficient IcellularIuptakeIbyIone Icell Itype ImayIcontribute Ito IexcessInutrient IdeliveryItoIotherIcell Itypes. Deficient IcellularIuptake IbyIone Icell Itype ImayIcontributeItoIexcess Inutrient IdeliveryItoIotherIcell ItypesIsuchIasIinIdiabetesImellitus. IMost IofIthese Iessential InutrientsImust IbeIobtainedIfromIexternal Isources, Ibecause Ithe Icell IisIunable ItoImanufactureIthem. IObesityIinvolvesIan IexcessIofIcaloric Iintake. IThe IBMIIisIa Imeasure IforIobesity, Ibut Idoes Inot Iindicate IifIaInutritional IimbalanceIisIpresent. IQuestionI17 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints WhenIthe Icause IisIunknown, IaIconditionIisIsaid ItoIbe Iidiopathic SI electedIAnswer: b. ITrue Correct IAnswer: b.ITrue ResponseIFeedback: ManyIdiseasesIareIidiopathicIinInature. IQuestionI18 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints ManyIofItheIresponsesItoIstressIareIattributedItoIactivationIofItheIsympathetic Inervous IsystemIand Iare ImediatedIby SelectedIAnswer: b. Inorepinephrine. ICorrect IAnswer: b. Inorepinephrine. Response IFeedback : Norepinephrine IisIsecretedIinIresponse ItoIactivationIofIthe IsympatheticInervousIsystemIduring IstressIbyItheIadrenal Imedulla. Cortisol IisIsecretedIbyIthe Iadrenal Icortex. IGlucagonIisIsecretedIby ItheIpancreas. IACTHIisIsecretedIbyIthe IpituitaryIgland. IQuestionI19 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AI17-year-oldIcollege-boundIstudent IreceivesIaIvaccine Iagainst IanIorganismIthat cI ausesImeningitis. IThisIisIanIexampleIof SelectedIAnswer: b. IprimaryIprevention. ICorrect IAnswer: b. IprimaryIprevention. Response IFeedback : PrimaryIpreventionIisIpreventionIofIdisease IbyIalteringIsusceptibility IorIreducing IexposureIforIsusceptible IindividualsIbyIproviding Ivaccination. ISecondaryIpreventionIisIthe IearlyIdetection, Iscreening, IandImanagement IofIthe Idisease. ITertiaryIpreventionIincludes Irehabilitative IandIsupportive Icare IandIattemptsItoIalleviateIdisability IandIrestoreIeffective Ifunctioning. IDisease Itreatment Iinvolves Imanagement IofItheIdisease Ionce Iit IhasIdeveloped. IQuestionI20 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints The IprimaryIeffect IofIagingIonIall IbodyIsystemsIis ISelectedIAnswer: c. Idecreased Ifunctional Ireserve. ICorrect IAnswer: c. IdecreasedIfunctional Ireserve. Response IFeedback : All IbodyIsystemsIshowIage-relatedIchangesIthat IcanIbeIgenerally IdescribedIasIa Idecrease IinIfunctional Ireserve; IagingIleadsItoIinability ItoIadapt ItoI(internal IandIexternal)Ienvironmental Ichanges. INot Iall IeffectsIofIagingIare IconsideredIdisease; Isome Iare IconsideredIa InormalIpart IofIaging. IProgrammed Isenescence IisIcurrentlyIonlyIa ItheoryIofIagingIthat IstatesIcellsIhaveIaIpreprogrammedInumberIofIcell IdivisionsIbefore ItheyIwill Idie. ISenilityIisIanIoutdatedItermIusedIto Idescribe Ithe Icognitive IchangesIassociatedIwithIdementia; Idementia Iis Ia Idisease Iand IisInot IaInormal Ipart IofIaging. IQuestionI21 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints C.Q. IwasIrecentlyIexposedItoIgroupIAIhemolytic IStreptococcusIandIsubsequently IdevelopedIaIpharyngeal Iinfection. IHisIclinic IexaminationIrevealsIanIoral Itemperature oI fI102.3°F, IskinIrash, Idysphagia, IandIreddenedIthroat ImucosaIwithImultiple Ipustules. HI eIcomplainsIofIsoreIthroat, Imalaise, IandIjoint Istiffness. IAIthroat IcultureIisIpositive IforIStreptococcus, IandIantibioticsIhave IbeenIprescribed. IThe IetiologyIofIC.Q.’s IdiseaseIis SelectedIAnswer: b. Istreptococcal Iinfection. ICorrect IAnswer: b. Istreptococcal Iinfection. Response IFeedback : EtiologyIrefersItoItheIproposedIcause IorIcausesIofIaIparticularIdisease Iprocess.IAIsoreIthroat IisItheImanifestationIofItheIdiseaseIprocess. Genetic IsusceptibilityIrefersItoIinheritedItendencyItoIdevelopIa Idisease. IPharyngitisIrefersItoIinflammationIofIthe Ithroat IandIisIalsoIa cI linical ImanifestationIofIthe Idisease Iprocess. IQuestionI22 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints YourIpatient IisIscheduledIforIaIstagingIprocedure. ISheIwantsItoIknowIwhat Ithat Imeans. IThe Icorrect Iresponse IisIwhichIofItheIfollowing? Selected IAnswer: d. IIt IisIa IprocedureIforIdeterminingIthe Iextent IofItumor Ispread. Correct IAnswer: d. IIt IisIa IprocedureIforIdeterminingIthe Iextent IofItumor Ispread. Response IFeedback : StagingIdescribesIthe IlocationIandIpatternIofIspreadIofIaItumor. IStagingIdoesInot Iinvolve Ibiochemical ItestingIofItumorIcells, IorIthe Ihistologic IexaminationIofItissues, IwhichIisIdone IwithIcancerIgrading. CI T, IMRI, IandIPETIimagingItechniquesIhaveIallowedIforInoninvasive IcancerIdetection. IQuestionI23 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIeffectsIofIexcessiveIcortisol IproductionIinclude SI electedIAnswer: d. Iimmune Isuppression. Correct IAnswer: d. Iimmune Isuppression. Response IFeedback : Cortisol IsuppressesIimmune IfunctionIandIinflammationIand IstimulatesIappetite. ICortisol IleadsItoIhyperglycemiaIbyIstimulating gI luconeogenesisIinItheIliver. IQuestionI24 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AnIobese Ibut IotherwiseIhealthyIteenIisIgivenIaIprescriptionIforIa Ilow-calorieIdiet Iand Iexercise Iprogram. IThisIisIanIexample Iof SelectedIAnswer: b. IsecondaryIprevention. ICorrect IAnswer: b. IsecondaryIprevention. Response IFeedback : SecondaryIpreventionIisIthe IearlyIdetection, Iscreening, Iand Imanagement IofIthe Idisease IsuchIasIprescribingIdiet IandIexercise Ifor IanIindividual IwhoIhasIalreadyIdevelopedIobesity. IPrimaryIprevention IisIpreventionIofIdisease IbyIalteringIsusceptibilityIorIreducing Iexposure IforIsusceptible Iindividuals. ITertiaryIpreventionIincludes Irehabilitative IandIsupportive Icare IandIattemptsItoIalleviateIdisability IandIrestoreIeffective Ifunctioning. IDisease Itreatment Iinvolves Imanagement IofItheIdisease Ionce Iit IhasIdeveloped. IQuestionI25 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Metaplasia Iis Selected d. Ithe Ireplacement IofIoneIdifferentiatedIcell ItypeIwith IAnswer: aI nother. Correct IAnswer: d. Ithe Ireplacement IofIoneIdifferentiatedIcell ItypeIwith aI nother. Response IFeedback : Metaplasia IisIthe Ireplacement IofIone IdifferentiatedIcell Itype Iwith IanotherIsecondaryItoIpersistent Idamage. IDysplasiaItransformsIcellsIto preneoplastic Ilesions, IwhichImayIbecome Imalignant. IMetaplasia Iis Ireversible IwhenIthe Idamage IisIstopped. IDisorganizationIofIcellsIinto IvariousIsizes, Ishapes, IandIarrangementsIoccursIinIdysplasia. IQuestionI26 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints SomaticIdeathIrefersItoIdeath SelectedIAnswer: c. IofIa IbodyIorgan. ICorrect IAnswer: b. IofIthe IentireIorganism. Response IFeedback : Somatic Ideath IrefersIto Ideath IofIan Ientire Iorganism. ISomatic Ideath Iis nI ot Isimply Ideath IofIone Ibody Iorgan. ISomatic Ideath IinvolvesIdeath Iof Iall IcellsIin Ithe Ibody. IBrain Ideath IrefersIto Ideath IofIthe Ibrain Ionly, Ibut IorganIsystemsIcanIremainIlivingIwithImechanical Iassistance. IQuestionI27 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Persistence IofIthe IalarmIstage Iwill IultimatelyIresult Iin ISelectedIAnswer: d. Ipermanent Idamage Iand Ideath. ICorrect IAnswer: d. Ipermanent IdamageIandIdeath. Response IFeedback : IfItheIalarmIstageIwere ItoIpersist, ItheIbodyIwouldIsoonIsufferIundue wearIand ItearIandIbecome Isubject ItoIpermanent Idamage IandIeven Ideath. IActionsItakenIbyIthe Iindividual IduringIthe Iresistance Istage Ilead ItoIstressIreduction. IThe Iresistance IstageImayIorImayInot Ioccur IfollowingIthe IalarmIstage, IbasedIonIresourceIavailability. IThe Isympathetic InervousIsystemIwill Icontinue ItoIfunction, Iresulting Iin IcontinuedIreleaseIofIstressIhormones. IQuestionI28 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints InIgeneral, IwithIaging, IorganIsizeIandIfunction SI electedIAnswer: d. Idecrease. Correct IAnswer: d. Idecrease. ResponseIFeedback: InIgeneral, IwithIaging, IorganIsizeIandIfunctionIdecrease. IQuestionI29 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints InIgeneral, IaIcancerIcell Ithat IisImoreItissue-specific IdifferentiatedIisImoreIlikelyItoIbe Iaggressive. SelectedIAnswer: b. IFalse ICorrect IAnswer: b.IFalse Response IFeedback : The Idegree IofItissue-specific IdifferentiationIpredictsImalignant Ipotential. IAIlackIofIdifferentiatedIfeaturesIinIaIcancerIcell IisIcalled Ianaplasia, IandIaIgreaterIdegreeIofIanaplasia IisIcorrelatedIwithIa Imore IaggressivelyImalignant Itumor. IQuestionI30 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints ReperfusionIinjuryItoIcells SelectedIAnswer: c. IinvolvesIformationIofIfreeIradicals. ICorrect IAnswer: c. IinvolvesIformationIofIfreeIradicals. Response IFeedback : Free IradicalsIare Iformed IwhenIhigh-energyIelectronsIpartiallyIreduce oI xygenIinIreperfusionIinjury. IReperfusionIinjuryIusuallyIcausesImore cI ell Idamage IthanIthe Ioriginal Ihypoxia. IIt IresultsIfromIcalcium IoverloadIinIthe Icells. IReperfusionIinjuryIresultsIfromIhypoxic Iinjury, rI atherIthanIfromInutritional Iinjury. IQuestionI31 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Selye’sIthreeIphasesIofItheIstressIresponseIincludeIall ItheIfollowingIexcept SelectedIAnswer: b. Iallostasis. ICorrect IAnswer: b. Iallostasis. Response IFeedback : AllostasisIisIdefinedIasIthe IabilityItoIsuccessfullyIadapt Ito Ichallenges. IAllostasisImay/mayInot IoccurIinIresponse ItoIstress. IAlarm, Iresistance, Iand IexhaustionIare Ithe Ithree IphasesIofIthe Istress IresponseIasIdescribedIbyISelye IinIthe Igeneral IadaptationIsyndrome. IQuestionI32 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Familial IretinoblastomaIinvolvesIthe ItransmissionIofIwhat IfromIparent ItoIoffspring? ISelectedIAnswer: b. IMutant Itumor-suppressorIgene Correct IAnswer: b. IMutant Itumor-suppressorIgene Response IFeedback : Familial Iretinoblastoma IinvolvesItransmissionIofIa Imutant ItumorIsuppressorIgene IfromIparent ItoIchild. IFamilial Iretinoblastoma IisInot cI ausedIbyIa IvirusIandIdoesInot Iinvolve IanIextraIchromosome, Ibut IratherIaIsingle Igene. IFamilial Iretinoblastoma IisIcausedIbyIaImutant Itumor-suppressorIgene, Inot IanIoncogene, IwhichIisIaImutatedIprotooI ncogene. IQuestionI33 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Breast IcancerIinIwomenIwhoIhave Ithe Ibreast IcancerIgene ISelectedIAnswer: a. IoccursIat IanIearlierIage. Correct IAnswer: a. IoccursIat IanIearlierIage. Response IFeedback : TheIageIofIonset IofIinheritedIbreast IcancerIisIearlierIthanIthe Ionset Iof nI on-inheritedIformsIand Ithe IprevalenceIofIbilateral Ibreast IcancerIis Ihigher. IBreast IcancerIinIwomenIwhoIhave Ithe Ibreast IcancerIgene Iis IlessIcommonI(onlyI5%ItoI10%IofIall Icases)IthanInon-inherited IbreastIcancerIandIisImoreIlikelyItoIbe Ibilateral. IResponseItoItreatment IisInotIaffectedIbyIwhetherIthe IcancerIgeneIisIpresent. IQuestionI34 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints All Ithe IfollowingIstress-induced IhormonesIincrease IbloodIglucoseIexcept SelectedIAnswer: d. Ialdosterone. Correct IAnswer: d.Ialdosterone. Response IFeedback : AldosteroneIresultsIinIwaterIandIsodiumIretentionIandIpotassiumIloss IinIthe Iurine. IIt IdoesInot Iaffect IbloodIglucose. ICortisol IisIa IglucocorticoidIsecretedIbyItheIadrenal Icortex. ICortisol Istimulates I gluconeogenesisIinItheIliver, IthusIincreasingIbloodIglucose. INorepinephrineIinhibitsIinsulinIsecretion, IthusIincreasingIblood Isugar. IEpinephrine IincreasesIglucose Irelease IfromItheIliverIand IinhibitsIinsulinIsecretion, IthusIincreasingIbloodIglucose. IQuestionI35 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints WhichIisInot InormallyIsecretedIinIresponseItoIstress? SI electedIAnswer: b. IInsulin Correct IAnswer: b. IInsulin Response IFeedback : InsulinIsecretionIisIimpairedIduring IstressItoIpromoteIenergyIfrom Iincreased IbloodIglucose. INorepinephrine IisIsecretedIduring IstressIasIa ImediatorIofIstressIandIadaptation. ICortisol IisIsecretedIduringIstressIas IaImediatorIofIstressIand IadaptationIandIstimulatesIgluconeogenesisIin ItheIliverItoIsupplyIthe IbodyIwithIglucose. IEpinephrine IisIsecreted IduringIstressIasIa ImediatorIofIstressIandIadaptationIandIincreases IglycogenolysisIandItheIreleaseIofIglucoseIfromIthe Iliver. IQuestionI36 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AIdiseaseIthat IisInativeItoIaIparticularIregionIisIcalled SI electedIAnswer: d. Iendemic. Correct IAnswer: d. Iendemic. Response IFeedback : AIdiseaseIthat IisInativeItoIaIparticularIregionIisIcalledIendemic. IAn Iepidemic IisIaIdisease Ithat IspreadsItoImanyIindividualsIat Ithe Isame Itime. IPandemicsIareIepidemicsIthat Iaffect IlargeIgeographicIregions, pI erhapsIspreading Iworldwide. IQuestionI37 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Paraneoplastic IsyndromesIinIcancerIinvolve Iexcessive IproductionIofIsubstancesIby Imultiple Imeans. IAIcommonIsubstance IfoundIinIexcessive IamountsIresultingIfrom IcancerIparaneoplastic IsyndromesIis SelectedIAnswer: b. Icalcium. ICorrect IAnswer: b.Icalcium. Response IFeedback : CommonIparaneoplastic IsyndromesIinclude Ihypercalcemia IassociatedIwithIabnormal IproductionIofIparathyroidIhormone-related IproteinIbyItumorIcells. IInsulinIisIa Igeneral IgrowthIfactorIforIa InumberIofItissuesIand ImayIbeIimplicatedIinIdevelopment IofIsome Icancers, Ibut Iit IisInot IaIcause IofIparaneoplastic Isyndromes. ITumor InecrosisIfactorIisIassociatedIwithIcachexia IinIcancer, Ibut Iit IisInot IassociatedIwithIparaneoplastic IdisordersIofIcancer. IPotassiumIisInot IfoundIinIexcessIamountsIinIcancer. IQuestionI38 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Malignant IneoplasmsIofIepithelial IoriginIareIknownIas SI electedIAnswer: d. Icarcinomas. Correct IAnswer: d. Icarcinomas. Response IFeedback : Carcinoma IrefersItoImalignant ItumorsIofIepithelial Iorigin. ILymphomaIrefersItoIcancerIofIthe IlymphaticItissue. ISarcomaIrefers toImalignant ItumorsIofImesenchymal I(nerve, Ibone, Imuscle)Iorigin. AI denoma IisIaIbenignItumorIofIglandularItissue. IQuestionI39 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints ApoptosisIisIaIprocessIthat IresultsIinIcellular SI electedIAnswer: d. Ideath. Correct IAnswer: d. Ideath. Response IFeedback : ApoptosisIresultsIinIdeathIofIa Icell IwhenIit IisInoIlongerIneeded. IAtrophyIrefersItoIreductionIinIsizeIofIanIorganIbecauseIofIcellular sI hrinkage. IProliferationIrefersItoIgrowthIofInewIcells. IMutation IrefersItoIalterationIinIthe Igenetic IstructureIofIcellularIDNA. IQuestionI40 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AnIincreaseIinIorganIsizeIandIfunctionIcausedIbyIincreasedIworkloadIisItermed SI electedIAnswer: a. Ihypertrophy. Correct IAnswer: a.Ihypertrophy. Response IFeedback : IncreasedIfunctionIofIanIorganIsuchIasIthe Iheart IorIskeletalImuscle rI esultsIinIorganIhypertrophyIbecause IofIcellularIenlargement. AtrophyIrefersItoIreductionIinIsize IofIanIorganIbecause IofIcellular Ishrinkage. IMetaplasia IrefersItoIreplacement IofIone IdifferentiatedIcell Itype IwithIanother. IInflammationIresultsIfromIimmuneIresponse Irather IthanIworkload DB1 Give IanIexample IofIhowIthe IbodyIadaptsItoIstressI(ChapterI2). OurIbookIsaysIthat ItheIwordsIallostasisIandIadaptionIcanIbeIintertwinedIbut IIIthinkIit IisIimportant toInoteIthat Isometime IallostasisIcanIbring IyouIbackItoIyourIinitial I“set Ipoint”. IHowever, IadaptationIisIyourIbodyIunderstandingIthat Imaybe ItheI“set Ipoint”IneedsItoIchange IaIbit IandIso Iit Iwill Iadapt IinIorderItoIserve Ithat Ipurpose. ThisImayIbeIa Ilittle IfarIout, Ibut IIIlikeItoIthink Ithat Isome IofIusIhave IadaptedItoIthe IstressIofIliving IaIrelativelyIsedentaryIlifestyle. IIfIyouIconsiderIthe Ifact Ithat Iwe IasIhumansIare Imeant ItoImove Iin IorderItoIlive, IyouIcanIaccept Ithat IsittingItooImuchIisIaIstressIonIourIbody. I Therefore, Iexercise IisIa Igreat IwayItoIcounteract ItheIdamage Ithat IcanIbe IcausedIbyIsitting. IIt IallowsIthe ImusclesIinIthe IbodyItoIrelease Iall IofIthe Ibuilt-upIlactic Iacid, IasIwell IasIincrease Ithe IoxygenIlevel ItoIyourIbrain. Copstead, IL. IE., I&IBanasik, IJ. IL. I(2013)IPathophysiology, ISt. ILouis, IMO: IElsevier.