CTIP FINAL questions with 100% correct answers 2023/2024

CTIP FINALEmpiricism - correct answer knowledge comes from observations skepticism - correct answer philosophy that ideas must be evaluated on the basis of careful logic and results from scientific investigations hypothesis - correct answer A testable prediction, often implied by a theory prediction - correct answer A logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct. theory - correct answer A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data Research vs. Intuition & importance of a comparison group - correct answer Experience/intuition does not have a comparison group; not very reliable to just use experience bc there is nothing to compare it to Ways that intuition is biased - correct answer -Swayed by a good story -Persuaded by what comes to mind easily (Availability Heuristic) -Failing to think about what we can not see (present bias) -Focusing on evidence we like best (confirmation bias) -Biased about being biased (bias bind spot) Research is probabilistic - correct answer Probabilistic- its findings are not expected to explain all cases all the time Hypothesis vs. Theory - correct answer hypothesis- suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon; reasoned prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena theory- is a tested, well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors. 3 Types of Claims - correct answer Frequency Association Causal Frequency Claim - correct answer rate or degree of variable EX: 2/5 Americans say... Association Claim - correct answer argues that one level of a variable is likely to be /associated/ with a particular level of another variable (Can be Positive, Negative, Zero, and Curvilinear) EX: higher income people spend less time socializing Causal Claim - correct answer a claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the value of another variable ***Through experiment EX: Music lessons enhance IQ 4 Types of Validities - correct answer Internal External Statistical Construct Internal Validity - correct answer the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable External Validity - correct answer extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings Statistical Validity - correct answer the extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a study are accurate and reasonable