Pharmacology 5334 Module 5 (100% SOLVED)

Cardiac output correct answers Average adult: 5 L/minute; heart rate X stroke volume; HR controlled by the ANS; SV: myocardial contractility, cardiac afterload, cardiac preload Preload correct answers End-diastolic volume/pressure; amount of tension that is applied to a muscle before contraction; if preload increases, stroke volume increases. If it decreases, stroke volume decreases. Afterload correct answers Arterial pressure that the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood; if it increases, stroke volume decreases, and vice versa. Basic functions of diuretics correct answers Cleansing of ECF and maintenance of ECF volume and composition; maintenance of acid-base balance; excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances Three basic renal processes correct answers Filtration (occurs in the glomerulus); reabsorption (99% of water, electrolytes, and nutrients undergo reabsorption at the glomerulus); active tubular secretion (occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. One pumps organic acids and the other pumps bases) Diuretics MOA correct answers Blockade of sodium and chloride reabsorption; site of action - proximal tubule, which produces greatest diuresis. Adverse effects: hypovolemia, acid-base imbalance, electrolyte imbalances Four major classifications of diuretics correct answers Loops: furosemide; Thiazide: hydrochlorothiazide; osmotic: mannitol; potassium-sparing: aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone) and non-aldosterone antagonists (triamterene); carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Furosemide (Lasix) correct answers Most frequently prescribed loop diuretic. MOA: acts on ascending loop of Henle to block reabsorption. Pharmacokinetics: rapid onset (PO 60 min; IV 5 min); short half life (6 hours). Therapeutic uses: pulmonary edema, edematous states, HTN Furosemide adverse effects correct answers Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and dehydration; hypotension; hypokalemia; ototoxicity Furosemide drug interactions correct answers Digoxin, ototoxic drugs, potassium-sparing diuretics, lithium, antihypertensive agents, NSAIDs Other loop diuretics correct answers Ethacrynic acid, Bumetanide, Torsemide. All can cause: ototoxicity, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and disruption of lipid metabolism Thiazide Diuretics (benzothiazides) correct answers Effects similar to those of loop diuretics: increase renal excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water; elevate levels of uric acid and