Edco 735 final exam econometrics, (Answered) 100%

Edco 735 final exam econometrics, (Answered) 100% If the data for gender is coded (male = 1, female = 2, other =3,), which of the following represents a problematic score in a frequency table? (correct) 2 0 1 3 Which of the following is one of the core requirements for causal inference? (correct) ratio level of measurement qualitative data elimination of alternative explanations quantitative data No correlation could be described as all of the following except . (correct) X increases Y varies randomly X decreases Y varies randomly X varies randomly Y decreases X decreases Y decreases Which of the following is NOT necessary for causal inference? the proposed cause covaries with the outcome X preceeds Y a theory explains the causal relationship external validity z and t distributions are known because: (correct) statisticians developeddiscovered them they have always been Karl Pearson developed them they measure variance If the nominal alpha is set to .05, what p value would not be considered statistically significant? (correct) Edco 735 final exam econometrics, (Answered) 100% If the data for gender is coded (male = 1, female = 2, other =3,), which of the following represents a problematic score in a frequency table? (correct) 2 0 1 3 Which of the following is one of the core requirements for causal inference? (correct) ratio level of measurement qualitative data elimination of alternative explanations quantitative data No correlation could be described as all of the following except . (correct) X increases Y varies randomly X decreases Y varies randomly X varies randomly Y decreases X decreases Y decreases Which of the following is NOT necessary for causal inference? the proposed cause covaries with the outcome X preceeds Y a theory explains the causal relationship external validity z and t distributions are known because: (correct) statisticians developeddiscovered them they have always been Karl Pearson developed them they measure variance If the nominal alpha is set to .05, what p value would not be considered statistically significant? (correct) .222 .033 .022 .034 To conduct an independent-samples t test in SPSS you must go to the second level menu: (correct) Correlate Compare Means Scale Descriptive Statistics In reporting a statistical analysis, a researcher writes "p .01". This necessarily implies . the null hypothesis was not rejected the research hypothesis was proven to be true the statistic was in the region of non-rejection p .05 When should researchers reject the null hypothesis? (correct) if the values seem different to an expert if the population mean and the sample mean are not the same if the probability of obtaining the results by chance is lower than the nominal alpha level if the test statistic is less than 5 Which of the following is not true of the results writeup for the ANOVA as it relates to the planned contrasts? F statistic for each contrast should be reported confidence intervals should be reported group means should be reported section 6-11 exact p value should be reported Which is NOT needed to make a claim that the null hypothesis is correct? sufficient statistical power valid measures statistical significance adequate sample size-section 3.6 The r2 represents the shared variance between a predictor and . (correct) X r t criterion The theoretical population is: (correct) the population where both groups are drawn only matters when a convenience sample is used equivalent to the population of the world the population that a particular statistic estimates Which of the following is NOT needed in the formula for calculating a confidence interval's lower limit? (correct) M tcritical SS SEM n order to calculate the mean you must: (correct) divide by the sample size use a representative sample have at least ratio level of measurement have a normal distribution The Univariate dialog box in SPSS has all of the following except: Model button Compare button-view lecture for object 6c Dependent Variable field Factor variable field In SPSS, to conduct a independent-samples t test you must go to the main menu: (correct) Graphs Transform t-tests Analyze n study of a new treatment for depression, a researcher compares the new treatment on a group of patients with major depression with a second group that are treated with the standard treatment as usual. How many theoretical populations is the researcher estimating depression for? (correct) none two one three The Bonferroni adjustment is not a test itself, instead it . (correct) adjusts the α level of the individual pairwise comparisons adjusts the critical value to multiply the standard error of the mean difference. adjusts the critical value of r for the Pearson’s r adjusts the degrees of freedom for the inflated familywise error rate Outliers in the sample are defined by: a measure of dispersion the square root of variance how many standard deviations there score is from the mean how far any given score in the population can be expected to be from the mean-section 3.2 What is an appropriate data screening technique to use with two categorical variables? cross-tabulation sample means Histogram-section 4.8 t test In examining the relationship between variables, the question “Should I portray the relationship between variables with a line or a curve?” pertains primarily to the of the relationship. (correct) negativity direction strength nature Variance: is biased when calculated by df tells us about how far any given score in the population can be expected to be from the mean- section 2.4 is calculated by dividing the SS by the sample size is a measure of dispersion For which of these reasons would a researcher create a scatterplot between two variables? (correct) To calculate the degrees of freedom To see if the variables are categorical or continuos To get a sense of the strength of the relationship To see if the group means are the same What is true about experimenter expectancy effects? (correct) some researchers are very disappointed by the results of their research participants feel threatened when they are pressured to behave in ways that meet the researcher's standards data tends to yield the results that are desired by the researcher unethical researchers may attempt to alter the results of a study The mean of z scores: has a probability of .05 is one is zero-section 1.7 is the same as the mean of the sample The Gaussian distribution is also known as the: (correct) exponential distribution positively-skewed distribution platykurtic distribution normal distribution Which of the following provides the strongest support for a causal inference? (correct) correlational designs quasi-experimental designs observational designs experimental designs Which of the following is NOT one of the steps for calculating a confidence interval? determine tcritical- Section 2-4 calculate the F ratio determine df calculate the SEM You calculate the correlation coefficient between two variables when the is . dependent variable; categorical independent variable; categorical-section-7.1 number of groups; is greater than two independent variable; quantitative Which is a possible reason a test result could be statistically nonsignificant? small effect size detectable relationship rTeoltiaalb'elerroarn' d valid measure adequate statistical power- section 3.6 variability may also be thought of as . (correct) Within-group; ‘effect’ Between-group; ‘effect’ Between-group; ‘error’ Barry calculates an F-ratio involving the SAT scores of three groups and does not reject the null hypothesis. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion he could draw? (correct) The SAT scores for the three groups are all equal to each other. The SAT scores for the three groups are not significantly different. Cannot be determined without conducting further analyses. The SAT scores for the three groups are all different from each other. As N increases, the standard error of the mean: (correct) decreases remains constant varies randomly increases What can we know from our results of a study that we have failed to reject the null hypothesis? the theoretical population are not different from one another there was no sampling error the sample means were not statistically different from one another we have committed Type II error A Monte Carlo simulation is: a way for statisticians to test the effects of a wide range of distributions on potential analysis results a way for statisticians to test the effects of Type VI error a way for statisticians to test the effects of stock cars on the environment a way for statisticians to test the effects of geography on temperatures Null hypothesis is hard because all of the following ACCEPT: human beings don't think in those terms the language is unusual we generally look for confirming evidence we generally look for disconfirming evidence If a researcher makes a bar chart for gender (male = 1 and female = 2) and selects "bars represent N of cases" in SPSS, how many bars should the chart have? 2 0 1 at least 10 Which of the following is needed to calculate confidence interval's lower limit? population mean platykurtic distribution M SS What necessary standard of causal inference do nonexperimental studies usually meet? temporal precedence control of extraneous variables random assignment covariation Which of the following is probably the most helpful guide when untangling the relationship between X and Y? tables and graphs causality having a rational theory statistics What can lead to a large difference between a population mean and a sample mean? an incorrect alpha level sampling error a small test statistic random sampling An analysis of variance with one dependent and one independent variable is referred to as a multiple regression one-way ANOVA single correlation multiple ANOVA A researcher hypothesizes that people, on average, spend more money a week on gasoline than on food or clothing. She conducts a one-way ANOVA involving Gasoline (M = $41.40), Food (M = $29.57) and Clothing (M = $18.29). If she makes the decision to reject the null hypothesis, without conducting any post hoc tests, what is the most specific and appropriate conclusion she can make? Money spent on gasoline is greater than food or clothing. Money spent varies as a function of type of expense. The money spent on the three expenses are all different from each other. The analysis supports the research hypothesis. How many rows would be in the variable view for a data set that contains information about eye color, gender, and intelligence levels for 10 participants? 10 60 3 30 When a researcher assigns individuals to one group within an independent variable, the researcher is using research design. a two-factor a factorial an interaction a single-factor The appropriate parametric test for a between subjects design with two groups is the: paired samples t-test independent samples t test repeated measures analysis of variance analysis of variance How many rows would be in the variable view for a data set that contains information about gender and GPA for 20 participants? 40 8 2 20 In SPSS, what information can be found in the "variable view" screen? every individual data point in a dataset the results of any analysis that researchers complete information that describes each variable in a dataset only the data that pertains to the research hypotheses An instructor hypothesizes an inverse relationship between using laptop computers in class and paying attention in class. Which of the following supports her research hypothesis? r(30) = -.38, p .05 r(30) = .38, p .05 r(30) = .28, p .05 r(30) = -.28, p .05 Sampling error refers to: about how much we should expect an individual score in our sample to be from the population mean about how much we should expect our sample mean to be from the population mean the amount of error in our measurement how representative our sample is Known distributions (e.g., t, z, and F) allow us: determine causal inference label our means determine the percentile of our score or statistic give and receive scores The One-Way ANOVA dialog box in SPSS has all of the following buttons except: Group Post Hoc Contrasts Options In order to calculate the sum of squared deviations you must do all of the following except for: calculate the mean multiply the difference between each score and the mean by itself calculate the square root of variance subtract the mean from each score Which of the following is not true of the results writeup for the ANOVA as it relates to the planned contrasts? F statistic for each contrast should be reported confidence intervals should be reported exact p value should be reported group means should be reported A variable with only two values is described as variable: dichotomous quantitative bivariate continuous The distribution of depression scores in the theoretical population is NOT: bell-shaped Gaussian platykurtic symmetrical The trend of dots of a scatter plot for a Pearson's r of .03 will be: from lower middle to upper middle of the scatterplot from lower left to upper right of the scatterplot from lower right to upper left of the scatterplot distributed somewhat randomly with the greatest density being in the middle of the scatterplot Which of the following is NOT needed in the formula for calculating a confidence interval's upper limit? SEM M SS tcritical Which of the following is an assumption of ANOVA? Independent random samples are used The dependent variable is a nominal level of measurement The population variances are statistically significant The population is not normally distributed Which type of questions can be conceptualized as dichotomous? 4-point scale YesNo 5-point scale conitinuous In calculating the Pearson correlation (r), the hypothesis implies . null; the means are not all equal to each other null; the relationship is not linear alternative; the sample mean is different from the hypothesized population mean alternative; the relationship is not linear If the Levene test yields a p value of greater than .05, we report: the adjusted degrees of freedom the Levene z value the standard degrees of freedom the Levene covariate What information do you need to find tcritical for a 95% CI? SE M s M df All of the following calculations are necessary for calculating s except for: t critical mean variance sum of squared deviations What percentage of scores are within one standard deviation above AND below the mean? 95.44 68.26 13.87 99.72 What is the purpose of Levene's Test? determine if the group means are diffferent determine if the homogeneity of variance assumption was violated determine if the population means are different determine if the independence of observations assumption was violated A researcher measures depression and anxiety levels among college women. If there is high variation of depression scores among women with low anxiety and low variation of depression scores among women with low anxiety, what assumption of a Pearson's Correlation is violated in this data? bivariate normality no assumptions are violated normal distributions homoscedasticity of variance What percentage of scores are within two standard deviations above AND below the mean? 99.72 34.13 68.20 95.44