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lOMoAR cPSD| 5 3. Main Discussion 3.1 Characteristics Of Qualitative Research 3.1.1 Natural Setting Qualitative research often collect data in the field at the site where participants experience the issue or problem under study. They do not bring individuals into the lab, nor do they typically send out instruments for individuals to complete such as, in survey research. Instead, qualitative researchers gather up-close information by actually taking directly to people and seeing them behave and act within their context. In the natural setting the researchers have a face-to-face interaction over time In accordance with Ross and Rallis (in Creswell 2007:181-183) the qualitative researcher is able to develop an understanding of the participants and their environment. This primarily because the researcher is directly involved and interacts with the participants and personally experiences the environment in which they function. 3.1.2 Researcher as a key instrument Qualitative researcher collects data themselves through examining documents, observing behaviour and interviewing participants. They may use an instrument, but it is one designed by the researcher using open-ended questions. They do not tend to use or rely on questionnaires or instruments developed by other researchers. Qualitative researcher is interactive and humanistic and makes use of multiple methods to collect and analyse data. Qualitative researchers actively participate in the research process seek to build a rapport and actively involve the research participants. Researchers are sensitive to the rights of participants and make an effort not to disturb the research site. Multiple methods such as intensive interviews focus, group interviews, observation and literacy sources such as bibliographies and diaries are used. The data are in text format of although sometimes images and sound clips are included. lOMoAR cPSD| 3.1.3 Multiple methods Qualitative researchers typically gather multiple forms of data such as interviews, observations and documents rather than rely on a single data source. Then they review all of the data and make sense of it, organising it into categories or themes that cut across all of the data sources. Qualitative research is fundamentally interpretive. This means that the researcher interprets the data by using various methods to analyse the data such as the identification of themes or categories. The researcher then interprets the data or draws conclusions about their meaning from a personal and theoretical perspective. 3.1.4 Complex reasoning Qualitative researchers build their pattern categories and themes from the bottom up by organising the data inductively into increasingly more abstract units of information. The qualitative researcher uses complex reasoning that is multifaceted interactive and simultaneous. This characteristic reflects the researcher’s approach to data collection, analysis and interpretation. This reasoning in qualitative research is largely inductive. Inductive reasoning is based on the assumption that if we can assume that a general principle is involved. For example, if all the prisoners that were interviewed in the Zambia Prison Service study admitted to being depressed because of the overcrowding in prison causes depression. According to Creswell (2007:183) of the thinking process in qualitative research is interactive and consists of a process whereby the researcher’s thought processes will switch between data collection and analysis and the reformation of the research problem. The data collection and analysis and the writing up of the data thus all happen simultaneously. 3.1.5 Emergent design The research process for qualitative researchers is emergent. This means that the initial plan for research cannot be tightly prescribed and that all phases of the process may change after the researchers enter the field and begin to collect data. For example, the questions may lOMoAR cPSD| 7 change the form of data, collection of data may be altered and the individual studies and the sites visited may be modified during the process of conducting the study. The key idea behind qualitative research is to learn about the problem or issue from participants and engage in the best practices to obtain that information. 3.1.6 Holistic account Qualitative researchers try to develop a complex of the problem or issues under study. This involves reporting multiple perspective, identifying the many factors involved in a situation and generally sketching the larger picture that emerges. Researchers are bound not by tight cause-and-effect relationships among factors but rather by identifying the complex interaction of factors in any situation The qualitative researcher view social phenomena holistically. Qualitative research follows a broad approach and is concerned with all facts of the phenomenon being studied.