SPECIFICATION RELATED SUB-TOPIC QUESTIONS
1. Explain how the size of an organism and its structure relates to its surface area to
volume ratio.
2. Describe how larger organisms increase their surface area to volume ratio.
3. Explain how surfaces are specially adapted to facilitate change.
1. Describe how single-celled organisms exchange gases.
2. Explain how insects exchange gases.
3. Explain how terrestrial insects balance the need to exchange gases with the need to
conserve water.
1. Describe the structure of fish gills.
2. Describe how water is passed along fish gills.
3. Explain the difference between parallel flow and countercurrent flow.
4. Explain how countercurrent flow increases the rate of gas exchange.
1. Describe how plants exchange gases.
2. Describe the structure of a dicotyledonous plant leaf.
3. Explain the adaptations of leaves for efficient gas exchange.
1. Explain how terrestrial plants and insects balance the need for gas exchange and the
need to conserve water.
1. Describe how the human gas-exchange system is arranged.
2. Explain the functions of the human gas exchange system.
1. Explain how and why air is moved into the lungs when breathing in.
2. Explain how air is moved out of the lungs when breathing out.
3. Explain what is meant by pulmonary ventilation and how it is calculated.
1. Describe the essential features of exchange surfaces.
2. Explain how gases are exchanged in the alveoli in humans.
1. Describe the structure and function of the major parts of the digestive system.
2. Explain how the digestive system breaks down food both physically and chemically.
3. Explain the role of enzymes in digestion of carbohydrates,lipids and proteins.
1. Describe the structure of the ileum.
2. Explain how the ileum is adapted for the function of absorption.
3. Explain how monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed.
4. Explain how triglycerides are absorbed.
1. Describe the structure and function of haemoglobin.
2. Explain the difference in haemoglobin in different organisms and the reason for these
differences.
3. Explain what is meant by the loading and unloading of oxygen.
1. Explain the nature of an oxygen dissociation curve.
2. Explain the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the curve and the reasons why.
3. Explain how the properties of the hemoglobins in different organisms relate to the
environment and way of life of the organisms concerned.
PAGE 163 FOR THE CURVES.
1. Explain how the size of an organism and its structure relates to its surface area to
volume ratio.
2. Describe how larger organisms increase their surface area to volume ratio.
3. Explain how surfaces are specially adapted to facilitate change.
1. Describe how single-celled organisms exchange gases.
2. Explain how insects exchange gases.
3. Explain how terrestrial insects balance the need to exchange gases with the need to
conserve water.
1. Describe the structure of fish gills.
2. Describe how water is passed along fish gills.
3. Explain the difference between parallel flow and countercurrent flow.
4. Explain how countercurrent flow increases the rate of gas exchange.
1. Describe how plants exchange gases.
2. Describe the structure of a dicotyledonous plant leaf.
3. Explain the adaptations of leaves for efficient gas exchange.
1. Explain how terrestrial plants and insects balance the need for gas exchange and the
need to conserve water.
1. Describe how the human gas-exchange system is arranged.
2. Explain the functions of the human gas exchange system.
1. Explain how and why air is moved into the lungs when breathing in.
2. Explain how air is moved out of the lungs when breathing out.
3. Explain what is meant by pulmonary ventilation and how it is calculated.
1. Describe the essential features of exchange surfaces.
2. Explain how gases are exchanged in the alveoli in humans.
1. Describe the structure and function of the major parts of the digestive system.
2. Explain how the digestive system breaks down food both physically and chemically.
3. Explain the role of enzymes in digestion of carbohydrates,lipids and proteins.
1. Describe the structure of the ileum.
2. Explain how the ileum is adapted for the function of absorption.
3. Explain how monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed.
4. Explain how triglycerides are absorbed.
1. Describe the structure and function of haemoglobin.
2. Explain the difference in haemoglobin in different organisms and the reason for these
differences.
3. Explain what is meant by the loading and unloading of oxygen.
1. Explain the nature of an oxygen dissociation curve.
2. Explain the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the curve and the reasons why.
3. Explain how the properties of the hemoglobins in different organisms relate to the
environment and way of life of the organisms concerned.
PAGE 163 FOR THE CURVES.
