DAANCE MODULE 2 ASSESMENT EXAM 2023/2024

DAANCE MODULE 2 ASSESMENT EXAM 2023/2024 Ischemia causes it? 2. What does it result in? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Build up of fatty plaque within the coronary arteries. 2. Acute coronary syndrome. Repolarization of the ventricles shows up at what on an ECG? - CORRECT ANSWER-T wave Which three essential characteristics should be identified when assessing abnormal rhythms? - CORRECT ANSWER-Rate, rhythm, and regularity. Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel; (usually a vein.) - CORRECT ANSWERthrombosis Prophylaxis recommendations are for pt.s at the highest risk of endocarditis due to what three factors? (4) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. A prosthetic heart valve or pt.s who have had a heart valve repaired with prosthetic material 2. A HX of endocarditis 3. A heart transplant with abnormal valve function 4. Certain congenital defects Endocarditis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the inner lining of the heart Hypertension What is it? Symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER-abnormally high blood pressure (higher than 120/80). Frequent dizziness, nosebleeds, / headaches Major complications of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER-Stroke, coronary artery disease, and renal failure congestive heart failure (CHF) 1. What is it? cteristics? - CORRECT ANSWER-1.A clinical syndrome due to heart disease. Caused by the hearts inability to handle blood volume coming back from either the lungs or peripheral circulation. hlessness and abnormal water and sodium retention resulting in edema. Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat - CORRECT ANSWERArrythmia disturbance of a cardiac rhythm - CORRECT ANSWER-Dysrhythmia Ventricular Rhythms - CORRECT ANSWER-Cardiac dysrhythmia in which the pacemaker is in the ventricles rather than in the SA node or atria. More likely to lead to arrest rhythms. PR interval 1. How long is it on an EKG strip? 2. What heart function does it represent? 3. What does it measure? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Less than one block (200 milliseconds or 0.2 seconds.) 2. The delay between the SA and AV node 3. AV conduction time. Normal is 0.12-0.2 seconds (3-5 small boxes.) paroxysmal - CORRECT ANSWER-beginning suddenly or abruptly P wave - CORRECT ANSWER-depolarization (contraction) of the atria QRS complex 1. What does is represent? 2. How big is it on an EKG strip? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles. 2. Width of less than 1/2 of one large block. (Approximately 100 milliseconds or 0.1 second.) What does smoking predispose Pt.s to? - CORRECT ANSWER-Laryngospasms and bronchospasms Heart and lung disease Mallampati classification - CORRECT ANSWER-A visual analysis of the oral/pharyngeal anatomy Class 1. Visualization of the soft palate, fauces, uvula, anterior and posterior pillars Class 2. Visualization of the soft palate, fauces, and uvula Class 3. Visualization of the soft palate, and base of uvula. Class4. Soft palate not visible at all. Upper respiratory infection (URI) - CORRECT ANSWER-infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi, making the pt. A poor candidate for out-patient sedation or GA. SX should not be performed until cough has been absent for 2-3 weeks Cute bronchitis and pnemonia What is it? Symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER-In these conditions there is inflammation and heavy secretions involving the lower respiratory tract. Symptoms: fever, cough, dyspnea, chest discomfort and sweats. Pt.s should be cleared for SX with anesthesia. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - CORRECT ANSWER-Any disorder marked by persistent obstruction of bronchial airflow. Two components: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Agents used for TX corticosteroid aerosols Other drugs that inhibit inflammation Short/long acting beta 2 agonists Emphysema - CORRECT ANSWER-Enlargement of the alveolar sacs in the lungs and destruction or scarring of the alveoli; resulting in less surface area available for gas exchange. Chronic bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time. The secretions and hyperactive airways can precipitate laryngospasms and bronchospasms. Pt.s are often referred to as "blue bloaters." Dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWER-difficult or labored breathing Pt.s are often referred to as "pink puffers". Dyspnea is a predominant presenting symptom of emphysema diabetes mellitus (pancreas) - CORRECT ANSWER-A chronic disorder characterized by impaired metabolism of glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels, (hyperglycemia). insulin and glucagon What is it? What is it produced by? - CORRECT ANSWER-A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics. Islets of langerhans in the pancreas., type 1 diabetes mellitus 1. What is it? 2. What causes it? 3. Signs and symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER--body cannot produce insulin (beta cells in the islets of langerhans have been destroyed.) -pt.s have to take insulin -either genetic or autoimmune -pt.s present as: thin, usually young, and onset is sudden. Ketones ARE present in urine. type 2 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER-Pt.s body is insulin resistant - the body may produce too much insulin, which may lead to metabolic syndrome - TX; diet, exercise, and oral meds. - pt. May need insulin injections before surgery, or during stress/ infection Caused by: lifestyle, poor diet, genetics. Pt. Presents as; overweight over time Rare to have ketones in urine. Gestational diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER-a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies. Usually goes away after birth Management of diabetes in OMS office - CORRECT ANSWER-Generally, pt.s with diabetes may not heal as quickly and are at higher risk of infection. *oral hypoglycemic agents and injections of insulin may need to be adjusted for anesthesia. *adequate control usually equates to a fasting BSL of less than 125 mg.dL *at the SX appointment, BS should be checked before and after surgery (sometimes during if surgery is longer.) Hemoglobin A1c - CORRECT ANSWER-A test that measures the level of hemoglobin A1c in the blood as a means of determining the average blood sugar concentrations for the preceding two to three months. 4-6% Hypoglycemia - CORRECT ANSWER-abnormally low level of sugar in the blood. Can result in death if left untreated. Symptoms: sweating, nervousness, irritability, tremor, confusion, hunger, double vision. Treated with a simple carb like hard candy or juice. When a type 1 diabetic has faster but takes their normal insulin dose, they may be at high risk for hypoglycemia