NSG 442
Exam 1
[Week 2]
Public Health
• Healthcare disparities—differences in healthcare and health outcomes experienced by one
population compared with another
• Social determinants of health—social conditions in which people live, their income, their
social status, their education, their literacy level, their home and work environment, their
support networks, their gender, their culture, and the availability of health services
o Social determinants of health are social conditions in which people live and
work. Healthcare disparities are gaps in healthcare experienced by one
population compared with another.
• Healthcare disparities—differences in healthcare and health outcomes experienced by one
population compared with another
• Major changes in healthcare
o Development of patient/client-centered care
▪ Cultural traditions
▪ Personal preferences
▪ Values
▪ Families
▪ Lifestyles
o 𝖳 use of technology (i.e. telehealth)
▪ Use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to
support long-distance clinical healthcare, patient and professional health-
related education, public health, and health administration
o 𝖳 personal responsibility
• Role of government
o Assesses healthcare problems
o Intervenes by developing relevant healthcare policy that provides access to
services (healthcare policy development)
▪ Focuses on costs, access to care, and quality care.
▪ Outcomes are ensured through continual evaluation systems linked with
the CDC surveys.
▪ National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (NHQDR) measures
trends in the effectiveness of care, patient safety, timeliness of care,
patient centeredness, and efficiency of care
o Ensures that services are delivered and outcomes are achieved
• Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (PPACA)
, o Provide affordable health insurance coverage to most Americans
o Lower costs
o Improve access to primary care
o Preventive care and prescription benefits
o Cover pre-existing conditions
o Extend young adults’
coverage
• Public vs Community Health Nursing
o Community- group of individuals sharing common needs, interest, resources, &
environment; Interact with each other.
o Population- a statistical aggregate or subgroup of people with similar or
identical characteristics may or may not interact with one another
o Community Health Nursing- nursing care that takes place outside of an acute-
care setting; meets its goals by identifying problems and supporting community
participation in the process of preserving and improving the health of
community. The focus is on health of the larger group rather than health of the
individual
▪ Goal
- Preserve, protect, promote, or maintain health of individuals,
families, and groups in a community
▪ Practice focus
- Health of individuals, families, and groups, and how their health
status affects the community as a whole
- Community Oriented vs Community Based nursing
o Public Health Nursing- subset of community health nursing; goal is primarily
improving the health of the entire community
▪ Goal
- Prevent disease and disability and promote and protect the
community as a whole
- Policy development
- I.e. epidemiology
▪ Practice focus
- The community as a whole
- The effect of the community’s health status (resources) on the
health of individuals, families and groups
- Core Functions of Public Health
▪ Population-based practice, defined as a synthesis of nursing and public
health within the context of preventing disease and disability and
promoting and protecting the health of the entire community
▪ Core Functions: Assessment, Policy Development and Assurance
(making sure outcomes are expected and policy implementation)
1. Assessment- systemic data collection on the population,
monitoring the population’s health status, making the
information available
2. Policy development- using scientific knowledge base to
develop policies that support the health of the population
2
, 3. Assurance- making sure essential community-oriented health
services are available. Including providing essential personal
health services for individuals that would otherwise not receive
them & ensuring a competent public health workforce is
available
▪ Scope and Standards of Practice:
- The American Nurses Association sets the scope and standards for
all professional nursing practice.
- The publication Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of
Practice establishes the characteristics of competent public health
nursing practice and is the legal standard of practice.
Public Health Intervention Wheel
• 17 interventions- Actions taken on behalf of individuals, families, communities, and
systems to protect or improve health status
• Population-based model
3
Exam 1
[Week 2]
Public Health
• Healthcare disparities—differences in healthcare and health outcomes experienced by one
population compared with another
• Social determinants of health—social conditions in which people live, their income, their
social status, their education, their literacy level, their home and work environment, their
support networks, their gender, their culture, and the availability of health services
o Social determinants of health are social conditions in which people live and
work. Healthcare disparities are gaps in healthcare experienced by one
population compared with another.
• Healthcare disparities—differences in healthcare and health outcomes experienced by one
population compared with another
• Major changes in healthcare
o Development of patient/client-centered care
▪ Cultural traditions
▪ Personal preferences
▪ Values
▪ Families
▪ Lifestyles
o 𝖳 use of technology (i.e. telehealth)
▪ Use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to
support long-distance clinical healthcare, patient and professional health-
related education, public health, and health administration
o 𝖳 personal responsibility
• Role of government
o Assesses healthcare problems
o Intervenes by developing relevant healthcare policy that provides access to
services (healthcare policy development)
▪ Focuses on costs, access to care, and quality care.
▪ Outcomes are ensured through continual evaluation systems linked with
the CDC surveys.
▪ National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (NHQDR) measures
trends in the effectiveness of care, patient safety, timeliness of care,
patient centeredness, and efficiency of care
o Ensures that services are delivered and outcomes are achieved
• Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (PPACA)
, o Provide affordable health insurance coverage to most Americans
o Lower costs
o Improve access to primary care
o Preventive care and prescription benefits
o Cover pre-existing conditions
o Extend young adults’
coverage
• Public vs Community Health Nursing
o Community- group of individuals sharing common needs, interest, resources, &
environment; Interact with each other.
o Population- a statistical aggregate or subgroup of people with similar or
identical characteristics may or may not interact with one another
o Community Health Nursing- nursing care that takes place outside of an acute-
care setting; meets its goals by identifying problems and supporting community
participation in the process of preserving and improving the health of
community. The focus is on health of the larger group rather than health of the
individual
▪ Goal
- Preserve, protect, promote, or maintain health of individuals,
families, and groups in a community
▪ Practice focus
- Health of individuals, families, and groups, and how their health
status affects the community as a whole
- Community Oriented vs Community Based nursing
o Public Health Nursing- subset of community health nursing; goal is primarily
improving the health of the entire community
▪ Goal
- Prevent disease and disability and promote and protect the
community as a whole
- Policy development
- I.e. epidemiology
▪ Practice focus
- The community as a whole
- The effect of the community’s health status (resources) on the
health of individuals, families and groups
- Core Functions of Public Health
▪ Population-based practice, defined as a synthesis of nursing and public
health within the context of preventing disease and disability and
promoting and protecting the health of the entire community
▪ Core Functions: Assessment, Policy Development and Assurance
(making sure outcomes are expected and policy implementation)
1. Assessment- systemic data collection on the population,
monitoring the population’s health status, making the
information available
2. Policy development- using scientific knowledge base to
develop policies that support the health of the population
2
, 3. Assurance- making sure essential community-oriented health
services are available. Including providing essential personal
health services for individuals that would otherwise not receive
them & ensuring a competent public health workforce is
available
▪ Scope and Standards of Practice:
- The American Nurses Association sets the scope and standards for
all professional nursing practice.
- The publication Public Health Nursing: Scope and Standards of
Practice establishes the characteristics of competent public health
nursing practice and is the legal standard of practice.
Public Health Intervention Wheel
• 17 interventions- Actions taken on behalf of individuals, families, communities, and
systems to protect or improve health status
• Population-based model
3
