2023 CCRP Exam Prep| 30 PAGES(300 QUESTIONS)| WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

2023 CCRP Exam Prep| 30 PAGES(300 QUESTIONS)| WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Who was tried in the Nuremburg Military Tribunals and why? Correct Answer: Doctors who committed war crimes against humanity including medical experiments on concentration camp inmates and other human subjects without consent What was the outcome of the Nuremburg Military Tribunals? Correct Answer: After 140 days of proceedings with testimony of 85 witnesses and submission of 1,500 documents, American judges convicted 16 doctors on 8/20/1947. Seven were sentenced to death and executed 6/2/1948. What historical document was born from the Nuremberg Military Tribunals? Correct Answer: The Nuremberg Code (1947) According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury... Correct Answer: should be avoided According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), voluntary consent of the human subject is... Correct Answer: absolutely essential According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), the experiment must yield.... Correct Answer: generalizable knowledge that could not be obtained in any other way and is not random and unnecessary in nature According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), animal experimentation should... Correct Answer: precede human experimentation According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), no experiment should be conducted if there is reason to believe... Correct Answer: death of disabling injury will occur According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), the degree of risk to subject should....Correct Answer: never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), risk to subjects should be minimized through... Correct Answer: proper preparations According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), experiments should only be conducted by... Correct Answer: scientifically qualified investigators According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), subjects should always be at liberty to....Correct Answer: withdraw from experiments According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), investigators must be ready to end an experiment at any stage if... Correct Answer: there is cause to believe that continuing the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the subject The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) emphasized what? Correct Answer: Brought about by the need for human research as opposed to human experimentation and better defined the criteria for consent What organization originally adopted the Declaration of Helsinki? Correct Answer: The World Medical Association General Assembly What did the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) provide recommendations for? Correct Answer: Recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) reiterated the basic ethical principles from what document? Correct Answer: The Nuremberg Code According to the Declaration of Helsinki (1964), informed consent must be obtained from who? Correct Answer: The subject or legal guardian According to the Declaration of Helsinki (1964), design and performance of experimental procedure must be... Correct Answer: formulated in a clear protocol According to the Declaration of Helsinki (1964), research protocols should be transmitted to... Correct Answer: a specially appointed independent committee for consideration, comment and guidance Who ran the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male? Correct Answer: The US Public Health Service and the Tuskegee Institute What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Experiments? Correct Answer: To justify treatment programs for black Americans When were the Tuskegee Experiments intiated? Correct Answer: 1932 What were the the concerns with the Tuskegee experiments? Correct Answer: -No informed consent -Misleading advertisement -Had to agree to autopsy to have funeral costs covered -Treatment denied to some patients -Risky spinal tap diagnostic Who broke the story of the Tuskegee Experiments? Correct Answer: Peter Buxton told the story to an Associated Press reporter When did the Tuskegee Study end? Correct Answer: 1972, 25 years after a cure was known and publicly available How were participants in the Tuskegee experiments impacted? Correct Answer: 28 died from syphilis, 100 died from related diseases, and 40 wives and 19 children were infected What historical document was the direct result of the Tuskegee Syphilis Trial? Correct Answer: The Belmont Report (1979) When was the Henry K Beecher paper published? Correct Answer: Published in 1966 How was the Belmont Report (1979) developed? Correct Answer: The report of the National Commission for the Protecting of Human Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research, founded as a result of the national Research Act passed by Congress in 1974 The Belmont Report (1979) defines the boundaries between and Correct Answer: Practice and research According to the Belmont Report (1979), practice is defined as Correct Answer: interventions designed solely to enhance well-being of the patient with reasonable expectation of success According to the Belmont Report (1979), research is defined as Correct Answer: activity designed to test a hypothesis and draw a conclusion to develop or contribute to generalized knowledge According to the Belmont Report (1979), the informed consent process is an example of what foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer: Respect for persons According to the Belmont Report (1979), treating people as independence is an example of what foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer: Respect for persons According to the Belmont Report (1979), respect for persons means that those with diminished authority are entitled to... Correct Answer: Protection According to the Belmont Report (1979), subjects entering into research voluntarily and with adequate information is an example of what foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer: Respect for persons According to the Belmont Report (1979), concerns for privacy and confidentiality are an example of what foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer: Respect for persons According to the Belmont Report (1979), respecting decisions, protecting from harm, and securing well-being are examples of what foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer: Beneficence According to the Belmont Report (1979), beneficence is defined as... Correct Answer: Doing no harm and maximizing benefits while minimizing possible risks What is the opposite of malfeasance as described in the Belmont Report (1979)? Correct Answer: Beneficence According to the Belmont Report (1979), justice implies... Correct Answer: fairness and is manifested in equitable selection of subjects for research According to the Belmont Report (1979), justice means that selection of subjects for research should be based on... Correct Answer: reasons directly related to the problem being studied, not systematic selection of a class of individuals due to compromised position, manipulability, etc. What does the Belmont Report (1979) say about who should receive benefits of research? Correct Answer: Benefits should not be restricted to those who can afford it, and research should not involve persons from groups not likely to benefit from application of the research What did the Henry K Beecher Paper reveal Correct Answer: 22 published medical studies where patients had been experimented on with no expected benefit to them, showing that unethical studies were widespread and represented a systemic problem in medical research rather than exceptions Human Radiation Experiments () Correct Answer: The Atomic Energy Commission conducted secret and classified radiation experiments and releases on unknowning Americans to assess how the human body metabolizes radioactive material. What are the three foundations ethical research as outlined the Belmont Report (1979)? Correct Answer: 1. Respect for persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice Wichita Jury Study (1953) Correct Answer: Social scientists covertly recorded discussions of 6 Wichita federal district court civil juries, without the consent of the jurors. Willowbrook Hepatitis Study (1955) Correct Answer: Gave children with mental retardation hepatitis in order to track the progression of the disease and to test treatments Milgram's Obedience Study (1963) Correct Answer: study of the phenomenon of obedience to an authority figure, examinfed the effects of punishment on learning (shock treatment for mistakes, 65% shocked dangerous amounts when ordered Jewish Hospital Cancer Study (1963) Correct Answer: Elderly hospitalized patients were injected with live cancer cells to study the mechanism of immune reaction without true informed consent. Tearoom Trade Study (1970) Correct Answer: Analysis of male-male sexual behavior in public toilets by Laud Humphreys. He observed acts masquerading as a voyeur rather than a researcher, tracked participants without their consent by using their license plate numbers, and interviewed them in disguise without disclosing his true intent (research) Stanford Prison Experiment (1970) Correct Answer: Volunteers in a mock prison took on the roles of guards and inmates. The experiment was discontinued due to ongoing physical and psychological abuse inflicted on many prisoners. San Antonio Contraceptive Study (1971) Correct Answer: Poor Mexican-American women given placebos instead of contraceptives without knowing they were subject to such research. There were high numbers of unplanned pregnancy in the placebo grou