NURS 611 Patho - Maryville Exam

What is Apoptosis? - ANSWER A programmed cell death What is necrosis? - ANSWER Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. Characteristics of tissue necrosis - ANSWER 1) Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure 2) Organelle swelling 3) Mitochondrial dysfunction Hypoxia - ANSWER What is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis. (especially the kidney and heart) What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER Is an increase in the size of cells Physiologic hypertrophy - ANSWER Hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training Pathologic hypertrophy - ANSWER Occurs secondary to HTN What is Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increase in the number of cells Pathological hyperplasia - ANSWER Endometrial hyperplasia Compensatory hyperplasia - ANSWER Removal of 70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks What is Metaplasia - ANSWER Replacement of cells Example of Metaplasia - ANSWER Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the brohchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have on cells? - ANSWER Reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? - ANSWER These reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression ofcardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and chronic heart failure. What are free radicals? - ANSWER Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. How are free radicals formed? - ANSWER Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Free radical species - ANSWER Are capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. What are the Lysosomes? - ANSWER Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA What are peroxisomes? - ANSWER membrane-bound organelles in most Eukaryotic cells, primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and oxygen How does the body metabolize Ethanol - ANSWER Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol. Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ANSWER DNA What is Sarcopenia - ANSWER Muscular atrophy What are some example of aging of cell/tissues - ANSWER - Increased peripheral vascular resistance - Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of the stomach - Decreased immune response What are indications of dehydration? - ANSWER Headache, thirst, dry skin, and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. S/sx of hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness, and postural hypotension. Oncotic pressure - ANSWER A form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. What activates osmoreceptors? - ANSWER An increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of what? - ANSWER A reduction in plasma