CRIJ Exam #3 - Chapters 11-15 Solved 100% Correct

Chapter 1: Punishment and Sentencing - ANSWER-Page 409 The History of Punishment - ANSWER-Page 410 From Exile to Fines, Torture to Forfeiture - ANSWER-Page 410 Early Greece and Rome - ANSWER-In early Greece and Rome, the most common state-administered punishment was banishment or exile. Only slaves were commonly subjected to harsh physical punishment for their misdeeds. Interpersonal violence, even attacks that resulted in death, were viewed as a private matter. These ancient peoples typically used economic punishments, such as fines, for crimes such as assault on a slave, arson, or housebreaking. Middle Ages - ANSWER-There was little law or governmental control. Offenses were settled by blood feuds carried out by the families of the injured parties. Feudal Period - ANSWER-Forfeiture of land and property was common punishment for persons who violated law and custom or who failed to fulfill their feudal obligations to their lord. The word felony comes from the 12th century when the term "felonia" referred to a breach of faith with one's feudal lord. During this period, the main emphasis of criminal law and punishment was on maintaining public order. The Development of Common Law in the 11th Century... - ANSWER-brought some standardization to penal practices. However, corrections remained and amalgam of fines and brutal physical punishments. The criminal wealthy could buy their way out of punishment and into exile, but capital and corporal punishments were used to control the criminal poor, who were executed or mutilated at ever-increasing rates. Public Work and Transportation to the Colonies - ANSWER-Page 411 By the end of the 16th Century... - ANSWER-The rise of the city and overseas colonization provided tremendous markets for manufactured good and spurred the need for labor. Punishment of criminals changed to meet the demands created by these social conditions. Instead of being tortured or executed, criminals were made to do hard labor for their crimes. (Think Les Miserables). The constant shortage of labor in the European colonies also prompted authorities to send convicts overseas. Transporting convicts to the colonies became popular: It supplied labor, cost little, and was actually profitable for the government, since manufacturers and plantation owners paid for the convicts' services. The American revolution ended the transportations of felons to North America but it continued in Australia and New Zealand.