ANCC PMHNP theories exam study guide with complete verified solutions

Phases of a Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship Introductory Phase (creating trusting environment), Working Phase (identification of issues, goals, expectation), termination or resolution (reviewing progress, focus on self-management) Erikson's Theory Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. Erikson: Infancy trust vs mistrust birth - 1 yr pathological outcome: depression, SA, psychosis Erikson: Early Childhood 1-3, autonomy vs shame and doubt pathological outcome: paranoia, OCD, impulsivity Erikson: Late childhood (3-6) initiative vs guilt pathological outcome: conversion disorder, phobia, psychosomatic Erikson school age 6-12 Industry vs. Inferiority pathological outcome: creative inhibition Erikson: Adolescence 12-20 yrs; identity vs role confusion pathological outcome: delinquency, gender issues, borderline, psycotic Erikson early adulthood 20-35 Intimacy vs Isolation pathological outcome: schizoid-personality Erikson middle adulthood 35-65 yrs generativity vs stagnation pathological outcome: mid life crisis Erikson late adulthood >65 integrity vs despair pathological outcome: despair Freud Psychodynamic Theory focus on concepts of intrapsychic conflict among structures of mind basic tenets of psychodynamic theory assumes all behavior is purposeful and meaningful psychic determinism mental activity is unconscious conscious behaviors and choices affected by unconscious content childhood experiences shapes adult Id drives are unconscious, sexual, aggressive "I want" ego the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. "I think, I evaluate" super ego Freud; "moral watchdog"; governs behavior by reality and morality, often taught by parents, church and/or community; standards develop through interaction; conscience; ego ideal "I should, I ought" defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality include: denial, projection, regression, reaction formation, rationalization, undoing, intellectualizing, suppression, sublimation, altruism Denial psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. Projection psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Regression psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated Repression in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories reaction formation psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. Rationalization psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. Undoing an ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act Intellectualization a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint Suppression Consciously and intentionally pushing unpleasant feelings out of one's mind Sublimation putting bad urges into acceptable social ways (boxing/football) altruism unselfish concern for the welfare of others Cognitive Theory Piaget human development evolves through cognition, learning, and comprehending 4 stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Piaget's sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years old) The infant builds an understanding of himself or herself and reality (and how things work) through interactions with the environment. Piaget Preoperational Stage 2-7 years- Once children acquire langage they can use symbols to represent objects. Still egocentric thinking and they assume everyone sees things from the same viewpoint. Understand concepts like counting, classifying according to similarity, and past-present-future but focused on present and concrete rather than abstract. Piaget Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years) Thinking revolves around what they know and what they can experience through their senses. - Children's thinking overcomes the logical deficiencies of the Preoperational Stage - i.e. Now nonegocentric - Thinking still bound by concrete, physical reality - Reasoning is constrained to the content/material being reasoned about