NR Advanced Pathophysiology

NR 507 Final Exam Questions and Answers Question 1 Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response? Correct! 3339 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine Only the release of norepinephrine promotes arousal, increased vigilance, increased anxiety, and other protective emotional responses. Question 2 2 / 2 pts Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune process involving antibodies attacking which type of cells? Platelets ITP is a disorder of platelet consumption. This selection is the only option that correctly identifies which type of cell is attacked by ITP. Question 3 When renin is released, it is capable of which action? Formation of angiotensin I Formation of angiotensin I When renin is released, it cleaves an α-globulin (angiotensinogen produced by liver hepatocytes) in the plasma to form angiotensin I. Question 4 Which of the following are formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments essential for blood clotting? Platelets Platelets Platelets (thrombocytes) are not true cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments that are essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding. This description is not accurate for any of the other options. . Question 5 In a full-term infant, the normal erythrocyte life span is days, whereas the adult erythrocyte life span is days. 60 to 80; 120 In full-term infants, normal erythrocyte life span is 60 to 80 days; in premature infants it may be as short as 20 to 30 days; and in children and adolescents, it is 120 days, the same as that in adults. Question 6 2 / 2 pts Graves disease is a result of: Autoantibodies binding to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor sites In the hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid activity) of Graves disease, autoantibody binds to and activates receptors for TSH (a pituitary hormone that controls the production of the hormone thyroxine by the thyroid). The other options do not accurately describe the cause of Graves disease. Question 7 What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment? Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment. Although patients report the other options, they are not as frequently experienced as fatigue. Question 8 In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells? Bone marrow Bone marrow B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are involved in changing B lymphocytes into B cells. Question 9 Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia Two clinical signs of hypocalcemia are the Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign. These clinical signs are not indicative of any of the other options. Question 10 On average, what percent of cardiac output do the kidneys receive? 20% to 25% 20% to 25% The kidneys are highly vascular organs and usually receive 1000 to 1200 ml of blood per minute, or approximately 20% to 25% of the cardiac output. Question 11 Which substance is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure? Erythropoietin Erythropoietin One of the most significant advances in the study of hematopoietic growth factors has been the development of erythropoietin for individuals with chronic renal failure. The other options are not associated with the treatment of chronic anemia. Question 12 When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, what reaction occurs? Alloimmunity Alloimmunity Alloimmunity occurs when an individual’s immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species. Sensitization against fetal antigens is not the cause of any other available option. . Question 13 Which statement is true regarding pain and cancer? Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer. Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer. Pain is generally associated with the late stages of cancer. Pressure, obstruction, invasion of a structure sensitive to pain, stretching, tissue destruction, and inflammation can cause pain. Pain is not the initial symptom of cancer nor does it indication that the cancer has metastasized. Question 14 2 / 2 pts During an infection, why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender? Correct! 43363 B lymphocytes proliferate. B lymphocytes proliferate. The B lymphocyte proliferation in response to significant antigen (e.