hsci 230 midterm Questions With Complete Solutions

difference between cohort and rct correct answer: cohort: observes exposed and non exposed groups rct: exposes the groups for the study why incident cases are measured in case-cohort study correct answer: Because in case control studies you select cases and controls. You don't follow disease-free people, as you do in cohort studies, and observe new (incident) cases of disease. selection of controls in cohort correct answer: find cases and control in same population but controls dont have diisease interview bias correct answer: effects of interviewers on respondents that lead to biased answers (interviewers ask and focus on certain aspects for questions) what study design measures incidence and prevalence correct answer: cohort- incidence, looks at exposed and unexposed participants and sees if develops disease cross-sectional study- prevalence, takes snapshot of population at given point in time what measurements use when rare disease correct answer: odds ratio risk ratio rate ratio what does epidemiology offer correct answer: Description: to determine the extent of disease found in the community Causation: to identify the causes of a disease (= risk factors for that disease) To evaluate interventions - new preventive and therapeutic measures and new modes of health-care delivery To study the natural history and prognosis of disease To provide the foundation for public policy and health interventions What is epidemiology? correct answer: the science of epidemics/occurance of illness study of distribution and determinants of disease 3 types of epidemiology correct answer: 1 •Descriptive Epidemiology -to describe disease by person, place and time -to measure the burden of disease (prevalence) -disease "surveillance" falls into this category 2•Analytic Epidemiology -to look for associations between exposure and disease i.e. to establish causation 3 •Interventional Epidemiology -to evaluate new interventions to monitor intervention programs in practice measurement of health WHO definition correct answer: •A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Benefits of definition: Covers different aspects of the determinants of health and broad/ positive definition, absence of disease