Biology EOC Study Questions With Complete Solutions

Activation Energy amount of energy needed to start a reaction Amino Acid Bounded by peptide bonds; monomer of a protein Carbohydrate (monosaccharides) main source of energy for the cell; 1 gram = 4 calories Catalyst used in enzymes to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction Enzyme Protein and Catalyst; have an active site and a substrate Lipid (1 glycerol = 3 fatty acids) used for long term energy storage, make up the phospholipid bilayer; 1 gram = 9 calories Monosaccharide simple sugars, monomer for carbs (glucose and sucrose) Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA Organic Molecule bounded molecules made of carbon Protein (amino acids) referred to as the building blocks Cell Theory All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism Differentiation How cells (stem cells) get their jobs Eukaryote Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants and Animals) Multicellular Organisms Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.) Organelles Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm) Prokaryote Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria) Stem Cells Undifferentiated cells Unicellular Organism Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria) Passive Transport No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion) Diffusion No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials) Osmosis No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out Facilitated Diffusion "Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy Homeostasis Internal condition is balanced Active Transport Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis) Pumps Molecules are "pumped" by a transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy Vesicles Used when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, even with the help of a transport protein Endocytosis Large molecules going INTO the cell Exocytosis Large molecules going OUT of the cell Concentration Gradient Drives diffusion; moves from left to right Nucleus Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA