Organizational Behavior Emerging Knowledge 5th Edition by Steven McShane - Test Bank

Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values True / False Questions Chapter 02 Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 1. One person-job matching strategy is to select applicants whose existing competencies best fit the required task. True False 2. According to the MARS model of individual behavior and performance, employee performance will remain high even if one of the four factors significantly weakens. True False 3. The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors. True False 4. Motivation is an external force on the person that causes him or her to engage in specific behaviors. True False 5. Intensity refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed, not random. True False 6. Aptitudes are natural talents that help individuals to learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better than other people. True False 2-1 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 7. Ability is the most important factor in the MARS model to explain why people quit their jobs. True False 8. The forces within a person affect the employee's motivation. True False 9. Learned capabilities refer to the skills and knowledge that you have actually acquired. True False 10. Competencies refer to the complete set of motivations, abilities, role perceptions and situational factors that contribute to job performance. True False 11. Companies can improve employee role perceptions by describing the employee's assigned tasks clearly and providing meaningful performance feedback. True False 12. Situational factors are working conditions within the employee's control. True False 13. Competencies refer to goal-directed behaviors under the individual's control that support organizational objectives. True False 14. Research has found that absenteeism is rarely, if ever, caused by situational factors. True False 2-2 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 15. Personality is a relatively stable pattern of behaviors and internal states that explains a person's behavioral tendencies. True False 16. Personality traits are more evident in situations where social norms and reward systems constrain behavior. True False 17. The 'Big Five' personality dimensions represent five clusters that represent most personality traits. True False 18. Conscientiousness refers to the extent that people are sensitive, flexible, creative, and curious. True False 19. People with a high score on the neuroticism personality dimension tend to be more relaxed, secure and calm. True False 20. Agreeableness, extroversion, and conscientiousness are three of the 'Big Five' personality dimensions. True False 21. Sensing, feeling, and judging are three of the 'Big Five' personality traits. True False 2-3 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 22. Conscientiousness is one of the best personality traits for predicting job performance in most job groups. True False 23. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, some people are 'sensing-thinking' types whereas others may be 'intuitive-feeling' types. True False 24. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures the personality traits described by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. True False 25. Personality is completely determined by heredity. True False 26. Values are stable, evaluative beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations. True False 27. In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 'judging' types have a strong desire for order and want to resolve problems quickly. True False 28. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Jung's psychological types is inconclusive. True False 29. Mature adults tend to have a single unitary self-concept that remains relatively stable. True False 2-4 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 30. The three structural dimensions of self-concept are: complexity, consistency and clarity. True False 31. Self-verification stabilizes our self-concept. True False 32. Self-enhancement can result in bad decisions. True False 33. People perform better in most employment situations when they have a strong external locus of control. True False 34. People arrange values into a needs hierarchy. True False 35. Espoused values represent the values that you and your spouse have in common. True False 36. Corporate leaders have a strong influence on the moral conduct of employees in that organization. True False 37. One dimension of Schwartz's values model has openness to change at one extreme and conservation at the other extreme. True False 2-5 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 38. Our habitual behavior tends to be consistent with our values, but our everyday conscious decisions and actions apply our values much less consistently. True False 39. Perfect person-organization value congruence is possible but not desirable. True False 40. The ideal situation in organizations is to have employees whose values are perfectly congruent with the organization's values. True False 41. Cultures with high collectivism must also have low individualism. True False 42. Two countries with low collectivism are Japan and the United States. True False 43. People with high power distance expect relatively equal power sharing. True False 44. In terms of cross-cultural values, Americans tend to have relatively high individualism with an achievement orientation and low power distance. True False 45. People from cultures with a short-term orientation tend to value assertiveness, competitiveness and materialism. True False 2-6 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 46. One limitation with information about cross-cultural values is that it incorrectly assumes that everyone within a specific country holds similar values. True False 47. Utilitarianism judges morality by the consequences of our actions, not the means to attaining those consequences. True False 48. Three personality traits are care, utilitarianism, and distributive justice. True False 49. One problem with applying the individual rights principle of ethical decision making is that one individual right may conflict with another. True False 50. The distributive justice principle of ethical decision making people who are similar in relevant ways should receive dissimilar benefits and burdens based on their individual rights. True False 51. Ethical sensitivity is the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles. True False 52. Ethically sensitive people recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue. True False 2-7 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 53. Ethics experts say that the most effective way to ensure that employees engage in ethical behavior is to introduce ethical codes of conduct. True False Multiple Choice Questions 54. All of these factors directly influence an employee's voluntary behavior and performance EXCEPT: A. motivation. B. role perceptions. C. situational factors. D. moral intensity. E. ability. 55. Which of the following identifies the four factors that directly influence individual behavior and performance? A. Utilitarianism B. MARS model C. Schwartz's model D. Holland's model E. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 56. Which of these factors directly influences an employee's voluntary behavior and performance? A. Motivation B. Role perceptions C. Uncertainty avoidance D. All of the above E. Only 'A' and 'B' 2-8 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 57. _______ represents the forces within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior. A. Motivation B. Personality C. Values D. Ethics E. Ability 58. Motivation affects a person's ______ of voluntary behavior. A. direction, intensity, and persistence B. antecedents, consequences and reinforcers C. size, shape and weight D. aptitudes, abilities, and competencies E. agreeableness, locus of control, and ethical sensitivity 59. Which of the following refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed, not random? A. Persistence B. Direction C. Intensity D. Aptitude E. Competencies 60. ______ is the amount of effort allocated to the goal. A. Persistence B. Direction C. Intensity D. Aptitude E. Competencies 2-9 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 61. The MARS model explicitly identifies which of the following factors? A. Money B. Recreational activities C. Neuroticism D. Situational factors E. All of the above 62. ______ are the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better. A. Persistence B. Direction C. Intensity D. Aptitude E. Competencies 63. Which of the following ensures that job incumbents have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job? A. Hire applicants with appropriate aptitudes. B. Train employees so they develop appropriate aptitudes. C. Motivate employees to have appropriate aptitudes. D. Provide resources that allow employees to perform their jobs. E. All of the above. 64. Competencies relate most closely to which element in the MARS model of behavior and performance? A. Motivation B. Situational factors C. Role perceptions D. Ability E. Competencies are not related at all to any element of the MARS model 2-10 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 65. Aptitudes, skills, and competencies all fall under which of the following concepts? A. Motivation B. Personality C. Values D. Ethics E. Ability 66. Ability includes which of these? A. Aptitudes and learned skills B. Natural aptitude and intensity C. Persistence and direction D. Intensity and learned capabilities E. Direction and intensity 67. You have just hired several new employees who are motivated, able to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren't sure what tasks are included in their job. According to the MARS model, these new employees will likely: A. emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making. B. have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions. C. have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work. D. have above average organizational citizenship. E. have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland's classification of occupations. 68. All technical employees at a paper mill take a course on how to operate a new paper- rolling machine. This course will improve job performance mainly by altering employee: A. aptitudes B. role perceptions C. motivation D. organizational citizenship E. learned capabilities 2-11 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 69. Competencies include: A. a person's aptitudes. B. a person's learned abilities. C. a person's skills. D. all of the above. E. none of the above. 70. According to the MARS model of individual behavior, which of the following is NOT a role perception problem? A. The employee lacks the proper tools to perform the job. B. The employee knows two different ways to perform a particular task, but unknowingly chooses the method that the organization does not want its employees to use. C. The employee doesn't realize that a particular task is part of his or her job. D. The employee places more emphasis on the quantity of work whereas the organization wants more emphasis placed on the quality of work. E. The employee believes that the company wants him or her to spend more time with clients, whereas the company really wants client requests processed more quickly. 71. Which of these refers to a person's beliefs about what behaviors are appropriate or necessary in a particular situation? A. Natural aptitudes B. Role perceptions C. Competencies D. Locus of control E. Situational factors 72. Companies can improve employee performance through situational factors by: A. asking employees about the things that motivate them. B. testing employee skills and knowledge before they are hired. C. providing training so employees learn the required competencies. D. redesigning the job so employees are only given tasks within their capabilities. E. asking employees to identify problems they experience with time and resources, then removing those obstacles to job performance. 2-12 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 73. To reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that employees throw out each day, a major computer company removed containers for non-recyclable rubbish from each office and workstation. This altered employee behavior mainly by: A. increasing employee motivation to be less wasteful. B. helping employees to learn how to be less wasteful. C. altering situational factors so that employees have more difficulty practicing wasteful behavior. D. increasing aptitudes that make employees less wasteful. E. increasing organizational citizenship so that employees will be less wasteful. 74. Travel Happy Corp. gives simple accounts to newly hired employees, and then adds more challenging accounts as employees master the simple tasks. This practice mainly: A. improves role perceptions. B. increases person-job matching. C. reduces employee motivation. D. provides more resources to accomplish the assigned task. E. improves employee aptitudes. 75. The relatively stable pattern of behaviors and consistent internal states that explain a person's behavioral tendencies refers to A. personality. B. values. C. motivation. D. locus of control. E. job satisfaction. 76. An individual's personality: A. changes several times throughout the year. B. is formed only from childhood socialization and the environment. C. is less evident in situations where social norms, reward systems, and other conditions constrain behavior. D. is all of the above. E. is only 'B' and 'C' 2-13 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 77. The 'Big Five' personality dimensions represent: A. all of the personality traits found in an ideal job applicant. B. the aggregated clusters representing most known personality traits. C. the personality traits caused by the environment rather than heredity. D. all of the above. E. only 'B' and 'C'. 78. The 'Big Five' personality dimensions are identified by the acronym: A. MBTIA B. CANOE C. VALUE D. MARSE E. HAPPY 79. Being good-natured, empathetic, caring, and courteous are characteristic of people with which personality trait? A. Openness to experience B. Agreeableness C. Locus of control D. Emotional stability E. Extroversion 80. Conscientiousness is one dimension of: A. the MARS model. B. Schwartz's values model. C. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. D. all of the above. E. none of the above. 2-14 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 81. Neuroticism is explicitly identified in: A. the MARS model. B. Schwartz's values model. C. 'Big Five' personality dimensions. D. Holland's theory of vocational choice. E. both 'A' and 'C'. 82. Most employees in the social services section of a government department have frequent interaction with people who are unemployed or face personal problems. Which of the following personality characteristics is best suited to employees working in these jobs? A. High neuroticism. B. External locus of control. C. High introversion. D. High agreeableness. E. Both 'B' and 'C'. 83. Which 'Big Five' personality dimension is most valuable for predicting job performance? A. Extroversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Neuroticism E. None of the 'Big Five' traits predict job performance to any extent 84. ________ characterizes people with high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self- consciousness. A. Extroversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Neuroticism E. Agreeableness 2-15 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 85. All of these are "Big Five" personality dimensions EXCEPT: A. openness to experience. B. agreeableness. C. locus of control. D. emotional stability. E. extroversion. 86. Extroversion is one dimension of: A. the MARS model. B. Schwartz's values model. C. the Venus theory. D. 'Big Five' personality dimensions. E. none of the above 87. ________ characterizes people who are quiet, shy, and cautious. A. Introversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Neuroticism E. Agreeableness 88. Jung's psychological types are measured in: A. the 'Big Five' personality types. B. the locus of control scale. C. any instrument that also measures neuroticism. D. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. E. the self-monitoring personality test. 89. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) includes all of these dimensions EXCEPT: A. sensing/intuition. B. judging/perceiving. C. thinking/feeling. D. extroversion/introversion. E. internal/external locus. 2-16 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 90. Which of these statements about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is TRUE? A. The MBTI measures a person's self-esteem, and self-efficacy. B. The MBTI is no longer used in organizations. C. Research has concluded that the MBTI does a poor job of measuring Jung's psychological types. D. Research suggests that the MBTI is more useful for career development and self-awareness than for selecting job applicants. E. The MBTI combines 16 pairs of traits into four distinct types. 91. _________ refers to an individual's self-beliefs and self-evaluations. A. Self-concept B. Self-verification C. Self-implication D. Self-adulation E. Self-efficacy 92. People function better when their _________ has many elements that are compatible with each other and relatively clear. A. self-concept B. self-verification C. self-implication D. self-esteem E. self-efficacy 93. According to the authors, the motivation to promote and protect a self-view of being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, valued, and so forth is called A. self-enhancement. B. self-glorification. C. narcissism. D. self-esteem. E. self-efficacy. 2-17 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 94. Which of the following is NOT one of the organizational behavior implications of self- verification mentioned in your text? A. Employees are more likely to remember information that is consistent with their self- concept. B. Employees are motivated to interact with others who affirm their self-concept. C. The more confident employees are in their self-concept, the less they will accept positive or negative feedback. D. Supervisors should avoid giving feedback that is inconsistent with their employees' self- concepts. E. All the above are correct. 95. Which of the following statements about values is FALSE? A. Values help define what is right or wrong and good or bad in the world. B. Values are arranged into a hierarchy of preferences. C. The values that dominate a person's preferences differ across cultures. D. Values guide our decisions and actions. E. A person's hierarchy of values typically changes a few times each year. 96. Beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong are called: A. organizational citizenship. B. values. C. collectivism. D. moral intensity. E. extroversion. 2-18 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 97. The chief executive of a start-up high-technology company recently made several public announcements about the company's values. She emphasized that, although the company is less than one year old, its employees already have adopted a strong set of values around sharing, freedom and achievement. However, you personally know two employees at the company who say that employees don't really have a common set of values, and they are certainly not unanimous about the three values stated by the CEO. The CEO is likely describing the company's: A. espoused values. B. ethical values. C. professional values. D. organizational values. E. enacted values. 98. Schwartz's model organizes ____ into ______. A. personality traits, six dimensions B. values, a hierarchy C. needs, three statistical formulas D. values, ten broader domains E. emotions, a time line 99. All of the following are domains in Schwartz's values model EXCEPT: A. tradition. B. power. C. conscientiousness. D. conformity. E. stimulation. 100. Schwartz's values model includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. Universalism. B. Hedonism. C. Security. D. Utilitarianism. E. Self-direction. 2-19 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 101. Incongruence between a company's dominant values and an employee's values is known to: A. increase employee stress. B. increase the employee's probability of quitting. C. increase the chance that the employee's decisions will differ from the organization's preferences. D. all of the above. E. have no effect on employee behavior or decision making. 102. People who value their independence and personal uniqueness have: A. high individualism. B. high collectivism. C. high power distance. D. low uncertainty avoidance. E. both 'A' and 'B'. 103. ______ is the extent to which we value our duty to groups to which we belong and group harmony. A. Individualism B. Collectivism C. Power distance D. Uncertainty avoidance E. Achievement orientation 104. Which of the following statements about cross-cultural values is TRUE? A. People with a high achievement-orientation emphasize relationships and the well-being of others. B. People with high individualism can have any level (high or low) of collectivism. C. People with high power distance value independence and personal uniqueness D. People with low uncertainty avoidance must also have high power distance. E. People in almost all cultures have high uncertainty avoidance. 2-20 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 105. People with high collectivism: A. accept unequal distribution of power. B. also have low individualism. C. value harmonious relationships in the groups to which they belong. D. value thrift, savings, and persistence. E. have both 'B' and 'C'. 106. Which of these countries generally has the strongest collectivist value orientation? A. United States B. Japan C. Taiwan D. Egypt E. France 107. Employees from cultures with a high power distance are more likely to: A. use their existing power to gain more power. B. encourage consensus-oriented decision making. C. avoid people in positions of power. D. readily accept the high status of other people in the organization. E. give their power to others as a sign of friendship. 108. Americans tend to have: A. a high collectivism value orientation. B. a high nurturing-orientation value. C. a long-term orientation. D. an individualistic value orientation. E. both 'B' and 'C'. 109. ______ is the extent to which people tolerate ambiguity or feel threatened by ambiguity. A. Individualism B. Collectivism C. Power distance D. Uncertainty avoidance E. Achievement orientation 2-21 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 110. Etoni is a new employee who comes from a culture that values respect for people in higher positions and values the wellbeing of others more than goal achievement. Etoni's culture would have: A. high power distance and nurturing orientation. B. high collectivism and short-term orientation. C. low uncertainty avoidance and high individualism. D. low power distance and strong nurturing orientation. E. none of the above. 111. People with a high ______ value assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism. A. individualism B. collectivism C. power distance D. uncertainty avoidance E. achievement orientation 112. Which of the following countries generally has high achievement orientation values? A. United States B. Russia C. Japan D. Sweden E. The Netherlands 113. In the section on cross-cultural values, the textbook warns that: A. the cross-cultural data presented are based on a very small sample (less than 10 people in each country studied). B. the definitions of most values have changed over the past decade, so most cross-cultural information has little meaning anymore. C. several cultures don't have any values, but this isn't mentioned in the literature. D. diverse societies such as the United States have a wide range of values even though the information presented assumes that everyone in the country has similar values. E. all of the above. 2-22 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 114. Ethics is most closely related to: A. values. B. locus of control. C. the Myers-Briggs type Indicator. D. personality. E. ability. 115. Which of the following represents values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad? A. Conscientiousness B. Sensing C. Moral intensity D. Self-monitoring E. Ethics 116. One problem with the utilitarian principle of ethical decision making is that: A. not all utilitarian rights are protected by law. B. there is no agreement on what activities are the greatest benefit to the least well off. C. it is difficult to predict the 'trickle down' benefits to the least well off in society. D. it is almost impossible to evaluate the benefits or costs of many decisions. E. the utilitarian principle is not really a valid ethical principle at all. 117. Which of the following is NOT identified in the textbook as an ethical principle? A. Utilitarianism B. Distributive justice C. Moral intensity D. Individual rights E. All of these are ethical principles identified in the textbook 2-23 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 118. Which of the following is an ethical principle that people have entitlements that let them act in a certain way? A. Utilitarianism B. Individual rights C. Moral intensity D. Distributive justice E. Care 119. The main limitation of the individual rights principle is that: A. it really isn't an ethical principle at all. B. some individual rights conflict with other individual rights. C. it pays attention to whether consequences are ethical, but not to whether the means to those consequences are ethical. D. it is almost impossible to evaluate the benefits or costs of decisions when many stakeholders are affected. E. it can degenerate into unjust favoritism. 120. Ethical decision making should consider whether: A. the decision outcomes will provide the greatest good for the greatest number. B. the implementation of the preferred choice violates any government laws. C. people affected by the decision believe that the results of decision implementation are fair. D. all of the above. E. only 'A' and 'B'. 121. Senior executives at CyberForm must make a decision that will affect many people and where the decision may produce good or bad consequences for those affected. This decision: A. has a high degree of ethical sensitivity. B. is one in which decision makers should rely only on the utilitarianism rule of ethics. C. has a low degree of ethical sensitivity. D. has a high degree of moral intensity. E. requires a low duty to care. 2-24 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 122. People who have high ethical sensitivity: A. are always more ethical than people with a moderate or low level of ethical sensitivity. B. tend to have higher empathy. C. tend to have more information about the specific situation. D. are all of the above. E. are only 'B' and 'C'. 123. The ability to recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue is known as: A. neuroticism. B. moral intensity. C. ethical sensitivity. D. utilitarianism. E. uncertainty avoidance. Scenario: Kleen Waterproofing Dave Docket, the installation manager at Kleen Waterproofing, has been receiving customer complaints that several crewmembers either come late to the job or they don't show up at all without any communication with the customers. The job completion dates keep getting delayed and customer dissatisfaction keeps increasing. Dave has also just hired several new employees who are motivated, able to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren't sure what tasks are included in their job. Dave is wondering how he can understand what is going on with his crew behavior and what can he do to improve the situation. 124. If Dave uses the MARS model, he would know that all of these factors directly influence his employee's voluntary behavior and performance EXCEPT: A. motivation. B. role perceptions. C. situational factors. D. moral intensity. E. ability. 2-25 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 125. According to the MARS model, the new employees Dave has hired will likely: A. emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making. B. have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions. C. have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work. D. have above average organizational citizenship. E. have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland's classification of occupations. Scenario: International Manufacturing & Trading International Manufacturing & Trading (IMT) is a medium-sized, U.S. company rapidly expanding in the Asian and Far East markets. The company has decided to open a manufacturing plant in Taiwan and Malaysia. IMT will send top key managers from the U.S. office and will hire the lower level managers and employees from the local markets. IMT managers realize that there will be some cultural differences but are unsure of what and how much. 126. IMT managers should make themselves aware that people in ____ tend to have high _______, whereas people in ______ tend to be ________. A. the U.S.; achievement orientation; Taiwan; individualistic B. India; power distance; Taiwan; collectivist C. the U.S.; power distance; Malaysia; collectivist D. Taiwan; nurturing orientation; the U.S.; collectivist E. India; uncertainty avoidance; Taiwan; individualistic 127. IMT managers should know that employees from cultures with a high power distance are more likely to: A. use their existing power to gain more power. B. encourage consensus-oriented decision making. C. avoid people in positions of power. D. readily accept the high status of other people in the organization. E. give their power to others as a sign of friendship. 2-26 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 128. U.S. managers tend to be more ________ whereas Taiwanese managers tend to be more ______. A. collectivist; individualistic B. nurturing; achievement oriented C. collectivist; nurturing D. individualistic; collectivist E. extroverts; introverts Scenario: e-Commerce International e-Commerce International is fast growing small company specializing in consumer electronics. Managers at e-Commerce International are exploring the idea of using the Big Five Personality Dimensions in hiring and improving work-related behaviors and job performance. 129. e-Commerce managers should know that all of these are "Big Five" personality dimensions EXCEPT: A. openness to experience. B. agreeableness. C. locus of control. D. emotional stability. E. extroversion. 130. e-Commerce managers should be aware that being good-natured, empathetic, caring, and courteous are characteristic of people with which personality trait? A. Openness to experience B. Agreeableness C. Locus of control D. Emotional stability E. Extroversion 2-27 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 131. e-Commerce managers must pay attention to ________ when hiring new employees because it characterizes people with high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self- consciousness. A. Extroversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Neuroticism E. Locus of control 132. When hiring new employees, e-Commerce managers should look for people who have a high level of ____________, which is the 'Big Five' personality dimension most valuable for predicting job performance. A. Extroversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Neuroticism E. Locus of control Essay Questions 133. The sales office of a large industrial products wholesale company has an increasing problem that salespeople are arriving late at the office each morning. Some sales reps go directly to visit clients rather than showing up at the office as required by company policy. Others arrive several minutes after their appointed start time. The vice-president of sales doesn't want to introduce time clocks, but this may be necessary if the lateness problem isn't corrected. Using the MARS model of individual behavior, diagnose the possible reasons why salespeople may be engaging in this 'lateness' behavior. 2-28 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 134. Store #34 of CDA Hardware Associates has had below average sales over the past few years. As head of franchise operations, you are concerned with the continued low sales volume. The store manager wants you to diagnose the problem and recommend possible causes. Use the MARS model of individual behavior and performance to provide four different types of reasons why employees at Store #34 might be performing below average. Provide one example for each type of explanation. 135. Employees in the company's warehouse are making numerous errors in inventory control and breaking items shipped. An analysis of the situation reveals that individual competencies are poorly matched with the job requirements. Describe three different strategies that would potentially improve this person-job matching. 136. Comment on the accuracy of the following statement and explain your answer: "Organizations are most successful when employee values are identical to the company's dominant values." 2-29 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 137. A visiting professor in international business recently spoke to students in an organizational behavior class about cultural differences between American and Japanese employees. The visitor noted that Americans and Japanese have similar values - Americans have high individualism and low collectivism and Japanese have medium-high individualism and low collectivism. The visitor concluded by saying that by identifying someone's nationality, such as American, you can easily determine the person's level of collectivism and individualism. Identify and discuss two problems with the visiting professor's statements. 138. Several international sales representatives in your organization have faced the murky question of paying foreign government officials under the table in order to do business in other countries. Describe three strategies that the organization should consider to resolve these and other ethical dilemmas for foreign sales representatives. 139. An ongoing debate in organizational behavior is whether we should consider the personality traits of job applicants when selecting them into the organization. Take the view that personality traits SHOULD be considered in the selection process and provide arguments for your position. 2-30 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values Chapter 02 Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values Answer Key True / False Questions 1. (p. 36) One person-job matching strategy is to select applicants whose existing competencies best fit the required task. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2. (p. 34) According to the MARS model of individual behavior and performance, employee performance will remain high even if one of the four factors significantly weakens. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 3. (p. 34) The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 4. (p. 34) Motivation is an external force on the person that causes him or her to engage in specific behaviors. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-31 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 5. (p. 35) Intensity refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed, not random. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 6. (p. 35) Aptitudes are natural talents that help individuals to learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better than other people. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 7. (p. 34) Ability is the most important factor in the MARS model to explain why people quit their jobs. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 8. (p. 34) The forces within a person affect the employee's motivation. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 9. (p. 35) Learned capabilities refer to the skills and knowledge that you have actually acquired. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-32 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 10. (p. 36) Competencies refer to the complete set of motivations, abilities, role perceptions and situational factors that contribute to job performance. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 11. (p. 36) Companies can improve employee role perceptions by describing the employee's assigned tasks clearly and providing meaningful performance feedback. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Easy 12. (p. 37) Situational factors are working conditions within the employee's control. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 13. (p. 36) Competencies refer to goal-directed behaviors under the individual's control that support organizational objectives. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 14. (p. 37) Research has found that absenteeism is rarely, if ever, caused by situational factors. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 2-33 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 15. (p. 38) Personality is a relatively stable pattern of behaviors and internal states that explains a person's behavioral tendencies. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 16. (p. 38-39) Personality traits are more evident in situations where social norms and reward systems constrain behavior. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 17. (p. 39) The 'Big Five' personality dimensions represent five clusters that represent most personality traits. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 18. (p. 40) Conscientiousness refers to the extent that people are sensitive, flexible, creative, and curious. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-34 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 19. (p. 40) People with a high score on the neuroticism personality dimension tend to be more relaxed, secure and calm. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 20. (p. 40) Agreeableness, extroversion, and conscientiousness are three of the 'Big Five' personality dimensions. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 21. (p. 40) Sensing, feeling, and judging are three of the 'Big Five' personality traits. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 22. (p. 41) Conscientiousness is one of the best personality traits for predicting job performance in most job groups. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-35 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 23. (p. 41) According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, some people are 'sensing-thinking' types whereas others may be 'intuitive-feeling' types. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 24. (p. 41) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures the personality traits described by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 25. (p. 39) Personality is completely determined by heredity. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 26. (p. 47) Values are stable, evaluative beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations. TRUE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-36 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 27. (p. 42) In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 'judging' types have a strong desire for order and want to resolve problems quickly. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-37 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 28. (p. 42) Evidence regarding the effectiveness of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Jung's psychological types is inconclusive. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 29. (p. 43) Mature adults tend to have a single unitary self-concept that remains relatively stable. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 30. (p. 43) The three structural dimensions of self-concept are: complexity, consistency and clarity. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 31. (p. 45) Self-verification stabilizes our self-concept. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 32. (p. 44) Self-enhancement can result in bad decisions. TRUE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-38 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 33. (p. 45) People perform better in most employment situations when they have a strong external locus of control. FALSE AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 34. (p. 47) People arrange values into a needs hierarchy. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 35. (p. 50) Espoused values represent the values that you and your spouse have in common. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 36. (p. 55) Corporate leaders have a strong influence on the moral conduct of employees in that organization. TRUE AACSB: 2 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 37. (p. 49) One dimension of Schwartz's values model has openness to change at one extreme and conservation at the other extreme. TRUE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-39 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 38. (p. 49) Our habitual behavior tends to be consistent with our values, but our everyday conscious decisions and actions apply our values much less consistently. TRUE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 39. (p. 49) Perfect person-organization value congruence is possible but not desirable. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 40. (p. 50) The ideal situation in organizations is to have employees whose values are perfectly congruent with the organization's values. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 41. (p. 51) Cultures with high collectivism must also have low individualism. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 42. (p. 51) Two countries with low collectivism are Japan and the United States. TRUE AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-40 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 43. (p. 51) People with high power distance expect relatively equal power sharing. FALSE AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 44. (p. 51) In terms of cross-cultural values, Americans tend to have relatively high individualism with an achievement orientation and low power distance. TRUE AACSB: 5 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 45. (p. 52) People from cultures with a short-term orientation tend to value assertiveness, competitiveness and materialism. FALSE AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 46. (p. 52) One limitation with information about cross-cultural values is that it incorrectly assumes that everyone within a specific country holds similar values. TRUE AACSB: 5 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 2-41 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 47. (p. 53) Utilitarianism judges morality by the consequences of our actions, not the means to attaining those consequences. TRUE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 48. (p. 53) Three personality traits are care, utilitarianism, and distributive justice. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 49. (p. 53) One problem with applying the individual rights principle of ethical decision making is that one individual right may conflict with another. TRUE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 50. (p. 53) The distributive justice principle of ethical decision making people who are similar in relevant ways should receive dissimilar benefits and burdens based on their individual rights. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 2-42 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 51. (p. 54) Ethical sensitivity is the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 52. (p. 54) Ethically sensitive people recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue. TRUE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 53. (p. 55) Ethics experts say that the most effective way to ensure that employees engage in ethical behavior is to introduce ethical codes of conduct. FALSE AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice Questions 54. (p. 35) All of these factors directly influence an employee's voluntary behavior and performance EXCEPT: A. motivation. B. role perceptions. C. situational factors. D. moral intensity. E. ability. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-43 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 55. (p. 34) Which of the following identifies the four factors that directly influence individual behavior and performance? A. Utilitarianism B. MARS model C. Schwartz's model D. Holland's model E. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 56. (p. 36) Which of these factors directly influences an employee's voluntary behavior and performance? A. Motivation B. Role perceptions C. Uncertainty avoidance D. All of the above E. Only 'A' and 'B' AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 57. (p. 34) _______ represents the forces within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior. A. Motivation B. Personality C. Values D. Ethics E. Ability AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-44 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 58. (p. 35) Motivation affects a person's ______ of voluntary behavior. A. direction, intensity, and persistence B. antecedents, consequences and reinforcers C. size, shape and weight D. aptitudes, abilities, and competencies E. agreeableness, locus of control, and ethical sensitivity AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 59. (p. 34) Which of the following refers to the fact that motivation is goal-directed, not random? A. Persistence B. Direction C. Intensity D. Aptitude E. Competencies AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 60. (p. 35) ______ is the amount of effort allocated to the goal. A. Persistence B. Direction C. Intensity D. Aptitude E. Competencies AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-45 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 61. (p. 37) The MARS model explicitly identifies which of the following factors? A. Money B. Recreational activities C. Neuroticism D. Situational factors E. All of the above AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 62. (p. 35) ______ are the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better. A. Persistence B. Direction C. Intensity D. Aptitude E. Competencies AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 63. (p. 7) Which of the following ensures that job incumbents have appropriate aptitudes to perform the job? A. Hire applicants with appropriate aptitudes. B. Train employees so they develop appropriate aptitudes. C. Motivate employees to have appropriate aptitudes. D. Provide resources that allow employees to perform their jobs. E. All of the above. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Difficult 2-46 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 64. (p. 35) Competencies relate most closely to which element in the MARS model of behavior and performance? A. Motivation B. Situational factors C. Role perceptions D. Ability E. Competencies are not related at all to any element of the MARS model AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 65. (p. 35) Aptitudes, skills, and competencies all fall under which of the following concepts? A. Motivation B. Personality C. Values D. Ethics E. Ability AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 66. (p. 35) Ability includes which of these? A. Aptitudes and learned skills B. Natural aptitude and intensity C. Persistence and direction D. Intensity and learned capabilities E. Direction and intensity AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-47 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 67. (p. 36) You have just hired several new employees who are motivated, able to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren't sure what tasks are included in their job. According to the MARS model, these new employees will likely: A. emphasize the utilitarianism principle in their decision making. B. have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions. C. have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work. D. have above average organizational citizenship. E. have a high degree of differentiation according to Holland's classification of occupations. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 68. (p. 35) All technical employees at a paper mill take a course on how to operate a new paper- rolling machine. This course will improve job performance mainly by altering employee: A. aptitudes B. role perceptions C. motivation D. organizational citizenship E. learned capabilities AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 69. (p. 36) Competencies include: A. a person's aptitudes. B. a person's learned abilities. C. a person's skills. D. all of the above. E. none of the above. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-48 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 70. (p. 36) According to the MARS model of individual behavior, which of the following is NOT a role perception problem? A. The employee lacks the proper tools to perform the job. B. The employee knows two different ways to perform a particular task, but unknowingly chooses the method that the organization does not want its employees to use. C. The employee doesn't realize that a particular task is part of his or her job. D. The employee places more emphasis on the quantity of work whereas the organization wants more emphasis placed on the quality of work. E. The employee believes that the company wants him or her to spend more time with clients, whereas the company really wants client requests processed more quickly. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 71. (p. 36) Which of these refers to a person's beliefs about what behaviors are appropriate or necessary in a particular situation? A. Natural aptitudes B. Role perceptions C. Competencies D. Locus of control E. Situational factors AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 72. (p. 37) Companies can improve employee performance through situational factors by: A. asking employees about the things that motivate them. B. testing employee skills and knowledge before they are hired. C. providing training so employees learn the required competencies. D. redesigning the job so employees are only given tasks within their capabilities. E. asking employees to identify problems they experience with time and resources, then removing those obstacles to job performance. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Difficult 2-49 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 73. (p. 37) To reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that employees throw out each day, a major computer company removed containers for non-recyclable rubbish from each office and workstation. This altered employee behavior mainly by: A. increasing employee motivation to be less wasteful. B. helping employees to learn how to be less wasteful. C. altering situational factors so that employees have more difficulty practicing wasteful behavior. D. increasing aptitudes that make employees less wasteful. E. increasing organizational citizenship so that employees will be less wasteful. AACSB: 3 BT: Application Difficulty: Difficult 74. (p. 36) Travel Happy Corp. gives simple accounts to newly hired employees, and then adds more challenging accounts as employees master the simple tasks. This practice mainly: A. improves role perceptions. B. increases person-job matching. C. reduces employee motivation. D. provides more resources to accomplish the assigned task. E. improves employee aptitudes. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Difficult 75. (p. 38) The relatively stable pattern of behaviors and consistent internal states that explain a person's behavioral tendencies refers to A. personality. B. values. C. motivation. D. locus of control. E. job satisfaction. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-50 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 76. (p. 38) An individual's personality: A. changes several times throughout the year. B. is formed only from childhood socialization and the environment. C. is less evident in situations where social norms, reward systems, and other conditions constrain behavior. D. is all of the above. E. is only 'B' and 'C' AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 77. (p. 39) The 'Big Five' personality dimensions represent: A. all of the personality traits found in an ideal job applicant. B. the aggregated clusters representing most known personality traits. C. the personality traits caused by the environment rather than heredity. D. all of the above. E. only 'B' and 'C'. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 78. (p. 40) The 'Big Five' personality dimensions are identified by the acronym: A. MBTIA B. CANOE C. VALUE D. MARSE E. HAPPY AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-51 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 79. (p. 40) Being good-natured, empathetic, caring, and courteous are characteristic of people with which personality trait? A. Openness to experience B. Agreeableness C. Locus of control D. Emotional stability E. Extroversion AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 80. (p. 40) Conscientiousness is one dimension of: A. the MARS model. B. Schwartz's values model. C. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. D. all of the above. E. none of the above. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 81. (p. 40) Neuroticism is explicitly identified in: A. the MARS model. B. Schwartz's values model. C. 'Big Five' personality dimensions. D. Holland's theory of vocational choice. E. both 'A' and 'C'. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-52 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 82. (p. 40) Most employees in the social services section of a government department have frequent interaction with people who are unemployed or face personal problems. Which of the following personality characteristics is best suited to employees working in these jobs? A. High neuroticism. B. External locus of control. C. High introversion. D. High agreeableness. E. Both 'B' and 'C'. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Difficult 83. (p. 40) Which 'Big Five' personality dimension is most valuable for predicting job performance? A. Extroversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Neuroticism E. None of the 'Big Five' traits predict job performance to any extent AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 84. (p. 40) ________ characterizes people with high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness. A. Extroversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Neuroticism E. Agreeableness AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-53 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 85. (p. 40) All of these are "Big Five" personality dimensions EXCEPT: A. openness to experience. B. agreeableness. C. locus of control. D. emotional stability. E. extroversion. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 86. (p. 40) Extroversion is one dimension of: A. the MARS model. B. Schwartz's values model. C. the Venus theory. D. 'Big Five' personality dimensions. E. none of the above AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 87. (p. 40) ________ characterizes people who are quiet, shy, and cautious. A. Introversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Neuroticism E. Agreeableness AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-54 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 88. (p. 41) Jung's psychological types are measured in: A. the 'Big Five' personality types. B. the locus of control scale. C. any instrument that also measures neuroticism. D. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. E. the self-monitoring personality test. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 89. (p. 41) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) includes all of these dimensions EXCEPT: A. sensing/intuition. B. judging/perceiving. C. thinking/feeling. D. extroversion/introversion. E. internal/external locus. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 90. (p. 41-42) Which of these statements about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is TRUE? A. The MBTI measures a person's self-esteem, and self-efficacy. B. The MBTI is no longer used in organizations. C. Research has concluded that the MBTI does a poor job of measuring Jung's psychological types. D. Research suggests that the MBTI is more useful for career development and self-awareness than for selecting job applicants. E. The MBTI combines 16 pairs of traits into four distinct types. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Difficult 2-55 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 91. (p. 43) _________ refers to an individual's self-beliefs and self-evaluations. A. Self-concept B. Self-verification C. Self-implication D. Self-adulation E. Self-efficacy AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 92. (p. 43) People function better when their _________ has many elements that are compatible with each other and relatively clear. A. self-concept B. self-verification C. self-implication D. self-esteem E. self-efficacy AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 93. (p. 44) According to the authors, the motivation to promote and protect a self-view of being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, valued, and so forth is called A. self-enhancement. B. self-glorification. C. narcissism. D. self-esteem. E. self-efficacy. AACSB: 3 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-56 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 94. (p. 43) Which of the following is NOT one of the organizational behavior implications of self-verification mentioned in your text? A. Employees are more likely to remember information that is consistent with their self- concept. B. Employees are motivated to interact with others who affirm their self-concept. C. The more confident employees are in their self-concept, the less they will accept positive or negative feedback. D. Supervisors should avoid giving feedback that is inconsistent with their employees' self- concepts. E. All the above are correct. AACSB: 3 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Difficult 95. (p. 47) Which of the following statements about values is FALSE? A. Values help define what is right or wrong and good or bad in the world. B. Values are arranged into a hierarchy of preferences. C. The values that dominate a person's preferences differ across cultures. D. Values guide our decisions and actions. E. A person's hierarchy of values typically changes a few times each year. AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 96. (p. 47) Beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong are called: A. organizational citizenship. B. values. C. collectivism. D. moral intensity. E. extroversion. AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-57 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 97. (p. 50) The chief executive of a start-up high-technology company recently made several public announcements about the company's values. She emphasized that, although the company is less than one year old, its employees already have adopted a strong set of values around sharing, freedom and achievement. However, you personally know two employees at the company who say that employees don't really have a common set of values, and they are certainly not unanimous about the three values stated by the CEO. The CEO is likely describing the company's: A. espoused values. B. ethical values. C. professional values. D. organizational values. E. enacted values. AACSB: 2 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 98. (p. 48) Schwartz's model organizes ____ into ______. A. personality traits, six dimensions B. values, a hierarchy C. needs, three statistical formulas D. values, ten broader domains E. emotions, a time line AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 99. (p. 48) All of the following are domains in Schwartz's values model EXCEPT: A. tradition. B. power. C. conscientiousness. D. conformity. E. stimulation. AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-58 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 100. (p. 17) Schwartz's values model includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. Universalism. B. Hedonism. C. Security. D. Utilitarianism. E. Self-direction. AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 101. (p. 49) Incongruence between a company's dominant values and an employee's values is known to: A. increase employee stress. B. increase the employee's probability of quitting. C. increase the chance that the employee's decisions will differ from the organization's preferences. D. all of the above. E. have no effect on employee behavior or decision making. AACSB: 2 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 102. (p. 50) People who value their independence and personal uniqueness have: A. high individualism. B. high collectivism. C. high power distance. D. low uncertainty avoidance. E. both 'A' and 'B'. AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-59 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 103. (p. 50) ______ is the extent to which we value our duty to groups to which we belong and group harmony. A. Individualism B. Collectivism C. Power distance D. Uncertainty avoidance E. Achievement orientation AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 104. (p. 50) Which of the following statements about cross-cultural values is TRUE? A. People with a high achievement-orientation emphasize relationships and the well-being of others. B. People with high individualism can have any level (high or low) of collectivism. C. People with high power distance value independence and personal uniqueness D. People with low uncertainty avoidance must also have high power distance. E. People in almost all cultures have high uncertainty avoidance. AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 105. (p. 50) People with high collectivism: A. accept unequal distribution of power. B. also have low individualism. C. value harmonious relationships in the groups to which they belong. D. value thrift, savings, and persistence. E. have both 'B' and 'C'. AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy 2-60 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 106. (p. 51) Which of these countries generally has the strongest collectivist value orientation? A. United States B. Japan C. Taiwan D. Egypt E. France AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 107. (p. 51) Employees from cultures with a high power distance are more likely to: A. use their existing power to gain more power. B. encourage consensus-oriented decision making. C. avoid people in positions of power. D. readily accept the high status of other people in the organization. E. give their power to others as a sign of friendship. AACSB: 5 BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium 108. (p. 51) Americans tend to have: A. a high collectivism value orientation. B. a high nurturing-orientation value. C. a long-term orientation. D. an individualistic value orientation. E. both 'B' and 'C'. AACSB: 5 BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium 2-61 Chapter 02 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values 109. (p. 52) ______ is the extent to which people tolerate ambiguity or feel threatened by ambiguity. A. Individualism