Casal 2: Assessment of Cardiovascular Function CH. 28 questions and answers 2023.

Casal 2: Assessment of Cardiovascular Function CH. 28 questions and answers 2023. Cardiovascular System - correct answers.Delivers Oxygenated blood to tissues and deoxygenated blood to the heart Heart - correct answers.Propels blood from the left side into the Aorta into the systemic system to provide oxygen and nutrients to the tissues Cardiac Output - correct answers.Is the amount of blood ejected from the left side of the heart based on metabolic needs. It increases when exercising and decreases when at rest. The Vascular System - correct answers.1. delivers oxygenated blood to the tissues 2. removes and transports cellular waste for excretion 3. returns circulatory volume to the right heart 4. returns lymph fluid back into the general circulation Arterial System - correct answers.The high-pressure arterial system consists of thick-walled muscular vessels whose function is to carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues Automaticity - correct s cardiac cells to generate impulses independently and rhythmically SA Node - correct answers.-pacemaker of the heart -60-100 bpm AV node - correct s electrical impulses from atria into ventricles (40-60 bpm) Excitability - correct nd to stimuli and generate an impulse Conductivity - correct s cardiac tissue to transmit electical impulses to neighboring connected cells Cardiac Electrical Conduction - correct answers.-impulse originates in SA Node (60-100bpm) -Impulse spreads through atria through the internodal pathways -Goes to AV Node where, impulse is delayed to allow for atrial contraction and ventricle fill -It leaves AV Node through branches of his -It branches off into the right and left bundle branches which travel down the interventricular septum -Perkinje Fibers then extend the impulse to the ventricular tisse which then causes ventricular contraction Blood pressure - correct pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels systolic pressure - correct ure generated when blood is expelled from the left ventricle during ventricular contraction diastolic pressure - correct al pressure on vessel walls during relaxation Blood pressure Influence - correct through -blood flow -flow resistance -volume Autonomic Nervous System - correct answers.-increases in pressure stimulates system to dilate vessels and reduce heart rate -Decreases in pressure stimulates system to constricts vessels and increase heart rate, which increases BP Decreased Oxygen - correct answers.-Results in increase in CO2 -vasoconstriction that will increase BP -increase blood flow to the lungs -increase RR Normal cardiac Output - correct answers.-Normal range 4to 7L/min -This increases with exercise or decreases with rest -calculated by the formula HR × stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction). That value can be indexed by dividing by the body surface area (height × weight) to reflect the different requirements related to body size. Stroke Volume - correct answers.The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one ventricular contraction. Preload - correct answers.The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds up. Afterload - correct answers.The force or resistance against which the heart pumps. Contractibility - correct e fibers that are stimulated by nerves contract, or become short and thick, which causes movement Hypertension - correct blood pressure Patients cardiac History - correct answers.-Diet -Activity Level -Family history of cardiac disorders -weight -Alcohol consumption -Smoking Habits -Age -Demographics -Economic Status Cardiac patient Assessment Questions - correct answers.-Hypertension -High cholesterol -Diabetes Notice Complaints about -Chest pain -Breathing Rapidly -Edema -fatigue General Cardiac Assessment - correct answers.- Patient will have trouble breathing and be fatigue -Patients with late stage cardiac failure frail, fatigued and pale -Evaluate HR and BP -SKin color -Capillary refill -Edema -Jugular vein distention clubbing -Cyanosis normal blood pressure - correct answers.120/80 Prehypertension - correct answers.Systolic: 120-139 Diastolic: 80-89 Stage 1 hypertension - correct answers.Systolic: 140-159 Diastolic: 90-99 Stage 2 Hypertension - correct answers.Systolic- 160 Diastolic- 100 central cyanosis - correct h discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes caused by impaired heart or lung function peripheral cyanosis - correct s when blood flow to the peripheral vessels is decreased by peripheral vacoconstriction; results from low cardiac output or an increased extraction of oxygen from the peripheral tissues. when it is is localized in an extremity, it is usually a result of arterial or venous insufficiency Capillary refill - correct longer than 3 seconds can mean insufficent or arterial spasms Distention of the jugular veins indicates: - correct answers.Depending on the clinical situation, patients with JVD may be experiencing cardiogenic shock or have a ruptured cardiac valve. In the setting of chest trauma, neck vein distention and hypotention may symbolize a tension pneumothorax or pericardial tamponade or pericarditis. heart sounds - correct answers.S 1= lubb S 2 = Dubb S 3 ventricular gallop= galloplike sounds (early diastole) (Ventricular dysfunction when heard in adults) S 4 atrial gallop= galloplike sounds (late diastole after atrial systole)(Decreased ventricular compliance) Systolic murmur= Turbulent Flow between S1 and S2 (Valvular disease such as aortic stenosis) Diastolic Murmur= turbulent Flow Diastole after S2 (Valvular disease such as aortic or pulmonic regurgitation) Click = high pitched sound (early diastole) (Mitral valve stenosis) Friction Rub- Harsh scratching sound (anywhere during cardiac cycle) (Pericarditis). Indicative of Heart disease: LIPID PANEL - correct answers.Cholesterol -Less than 200 mg/dL Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) -Less than 160 mg/dL High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) -Greater than 40-50 mg/dL Triglycerides -Less than 150 mg/dL Indictive of Heart disease: COAGULATION LABS - correct answers.Platelets -150,000-400,000 mc/L Fibrinogen levels -200-400 mg/dL Prothrombin time (PT) -12-13 seconds Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) -25-35 seconds International normalized ratio (INR) -0.8-1.2 MARKERS OF HEART DISEASE - correct answers.CK-MB -0-3 ng/mL Troponin -Less than 0.4 ng/mL Myoglobin -0-85 ng/mL Brain natriuretic peptide (BPN) -Less than 100 pg/mL cardiac catherization (CC) - correct tion of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery, usually of an arm or leg to provide evaluation of the heart coronary angiography - correct alized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle Nursing Implications for Angiography - correct answers.Patient teaching includes: Fasting 6 to 8 hours prior to procedure Expected duration and activities to expect (IV insertion, sedation) during procedure Provide information regarding potential sensations that may be experienced during the procedure such as a "hot flash" as the dye is injected or palpitations if dysrhythmias occur Maintain adequate fluid intake post procedure Avoid strenuous activity until your provider gives the OK to resume normal activities Monitor cannula insertion site for bleeding Pre- and intra-procedure nursing interventions for cardiac catheterization include: Psychological support of the patient during the procedure to help ease fears