PNR 221 test 1 latest 2023 already passed

PNR 221 test 1 latest 2023 already passed Rapid acting insulin lispro, aspart, glulisine, injected 0-15 minutes before a meal Short acting insulin Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R); 30 to 60 before meals, given on sliding scale Long acting insulin injected once a day, released steadily and continuously what are some diagnosis for diabetes? ineffective health management risk for injury risk for neuropathy What are oral agents used for? Help with only type 2 diabetes,they work with insulin can type 1 diabetes use oral agents? no Biguanides reduce glucose production by the liver and enhance insulin sensitivity (metformin - Glucophage) Meglitinides increases insulin production from the pancreas; more rapidly absorbed and eliminated than sulfonylureas; should be taken anytime from 30 minutes before meal; should NOT be taken is meal is skipped Sulphonylureas Enhance endogenous insulin secretion Side effects: weight gain, hypos a-glucosidase inhibitors starch blockers slow down the absorption of carbs in the small intestine Acarbose/Precose type 1 diabetes mellitus diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin--the patient is dependent on insulin for survival Is type one diabetes preventable? NO symptoms of type 1 diabetes polydipsea, polyuria, polyphagia, fatigue, weight loss type 1 diabetes is considered what? autoimmune What is ketoacidosis? When glucose is unavailable for cellular metabolism, the body breaks down alternate sources of energy. Ketones released and excess ketones eliminated in urine or by the lungs. type 2 diabetes Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production. signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes? polyuria, polydipsia, recurrent infections, fatigue, visual changes insulin resistance the inability of the cells to respond to insulin. not enough receptors, or they dont work properly low ability to produce insulin b cells fatigued from compensating,when body is stressed body increases glucose levels Inappropriate glucose production from liver - Liver's response of regulating release of glucose is haphazard - Not considered a primary factor in development of type 2 Alteration in production of hormones and adipokines play a role in glucose and fat metabolism causes for type 2 diabetes genetics, lifestyle, abdominal fat Hypoglycemia abnormally low level of sugar in the blood causes of hypoglycemia blood sugar, too much insulin, not enough food, overexterts (exercise) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia cold sweats - weakness - trembling - nervousness - irritability - pallor - increased heart rate - confusion - altered LOC and irrational behavior (cerebral glucose defecit) Treatment for hypoglycemia ingest 15-20 grams of simple carbs, 3-4 glucose tablets 175mL of juice of soft drink, 6 life savers hyperglycemia high blood sugar Symptoms of hyperglycemia include dry mouth, intense thirst, muscle weakness, and blurred vision treatment for hyperglycemia fast acting insulin will help lower the glucose levels quickly How could you test for Diabetes? A1C less than 6.5 fasting plasma glucose levels 7mmol/L random glucose measurement 11.1 two hour OGTT level 11.1 when a glucose load of 75 g is used