Illinois Pesticide Applicator Turfgrass questions and answers.

IPM Integrated Pest Management; Goals are provide economical pest control/protect the environment Not The Goal Of IPM Elimination of all pests Economic threshold/action threshold Number of pests per plant of amount of damage to plant at which control measures should begin economic injury level breakeven point which the cost of pest control equals the revenue loss caused by pest aesthetic injury level number of pests that might cause enough damage to the appearance of a plant to warrant the cost of control scouting key to a successful IPM program cultural control improves plant health so that plants are able to compete better against pests; soil preparation, fertility, proper planting, plant selection, crop rotation mechanical control physically eliminates the weed; hoeing, weed pulling, mowing, hand picking biological control uses living organisms to reduce pest populations; predators, parasites, pest disease preventative control helps prevent entry and spread of pests; quarantines inspections, certified seed, cleaning equipment chemical control herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, repellents, fumigants insect head contains sensory organs, mouth parts and brain insect thorax provides locomotion, legs and wings insect abdomen digestive, excretory, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive organs prolegs additional legs; caterpillars/sawfly larvae incomplete development/simple metamorphosis egg, nymph, adult; stink bug, grasshopper, leafhopper complete development egg, larva, pupa, adult; Japanese beetle, honey bee, mosquito noninfectious diseases result of unfavorable growing conditions; cannot be transmitted from plant to plant infection diseases caused by various pathogens; multiply and transmitted from plant to plant fungi spores spread by rain, wind, insects, seeds; leaf spots/root rots bacteria microscopic single celled organisms. Cannot move by themselves; only enter through wounds or small openings; crown gall, soft rot nematodes microscopic roundworms that reproduce by eggs; spread by anything that moves infected plants parts or infested soil viruses submicroscopic pieces of DNA/RNA; spread by insects/seed; mosaic/mottles phytoplasmas bacteria-like organisms that lack cell walls; casual agents of "yellows" and "witches" Blight large dead ares on leaves canker localized, often sunken, dead area chlorosis yellowish-green coloration in normally green areas dieback gradual death of individual branch or groups distoration twisting/abnormally shaped leaves gall abnormal swelling of portion of branch lead spots small discolored areas of foliage marginal necrosis brown, dead tissue mosaic intermingling patches of yellow and green tissue rot tissue breakdown or decay scorch "burning" of leaf margins stunting abnormally small size of entire plant wilt flaccid, limp condition of leaves Factors required for infectious disease development pathogen, time, susceptible host, environment Prevent/Control diseases change one or more of the disease factors first step in successful weed control identification general types of weeds grass, grasslike, broadleaf seedling grasses identified by differences in vegetative characteristics auricles earlike extensions from base of leaf blade mature grasses characterized by growth habit and flowering structure grasslike plants not true grasses broadleaf plants net-veined leaves that are less long than grass leaves annuals complete life cycle in one year summer annuals emerge in spring/summer, die in winter; crabgrass winter annuals emerge in fall, die in summer; common chickweed,henbit Annuals are most susceptible to herbicides during _________ stage seedling biennials live for two years then die; bull thistle perennials live for more than two years; dandelion, yellow nutsedge rosette stage in biennial cluster of leaves form. Year One of biennial herbaceous perennials die in fall, but root systems overwinter; ex: Canada thistle, dandelion, johnsongrass woody perennials persistent aboveground stems that remain each season; ex: poison ivy simple perennials reproduce from seed, but usually have fleshy taproots that allow them to overwinter creeping perennials reproduce by seed and also vegetatively by means of rhizomes, stolons, tubers, bulbs, budding roots; ex: yellow nutsedge, wild garlic, ground ivy rhizomes creeping underground stems stolons creeping aboveground stems must reach vegetative reproductive structure for control high rate of herbicides