Fresenius Clinical Hemodialysis Technician Review Exam with complete solutions 2023

The functional unit of the kidney, or the structure in the kidney that does the work, is the: a) medulla b) cortex c) calyx d) nephron D) Nephron A nephron is made up of: a) a glomerulus and a tubule b) the nephrons and a capsule c) the loop of henle and the capillary ball d) the bladder and the ureter A) a glomerulus and a tubule The endocrine functions of the kidney include: a) regulating growth hormone and making thyroid hormone b) making erythropoietin and the active form of Vitamin D c) making estrogen and testosterone d) regulating body temperature and sleep rhythms B) making erythropoietin and the active form of Vitamin D The leading cause of End-Stage Renal Disease for adults in the US is: a) Hypertension b) Glomerulonephritis c) Diabetes d) Urinary obstruction C) Diabetes Patients with kidney failure often complain of itching, which is likely to be cause by: a) hypoalbuminemia b) hyperphosphatemia c) hyperkalemia d) hypocalcemia B) Hyperphosphatemia Why do kidney patients often have bone disease? a) parathyroid glands stop functioning b) patients don't eat enough phosphorus c) kidneys stop producing calcitriol d) patients don't eat enough calcium C) Kidneys stop producing calcitriol Symptoms that a patient may need more dialysis time include: a) hypotension, dehydration, weakness b) anorexia, fatigue, swelling c) fever. chills, malaise d) tremors, weakness, muscle cramps B) anorexia, fatigue, swelling A semipermeable membrane is a porus barrier that: a) allows for only certain sized particles to cross b) prevents fungal contamination c) can distinguish between particles d) is biocompatible, non toxic, and hypoallergenic A) allows for only certain sized particles to cross Diffusion is movement of particles: a) by filtration through a biocompatible membrane b) from an area of higher concentration c) into a vacuum created when fluids are forced through a membrane d) into a space created by solutions moving in countercurrent flow B) from an area of higher concentration Negative pressure is pressure created when: a) larger amounts of filtration exist in a closed space b) fluids separated by a membrane flow in the same direction c) larger molecules drag smaller molecules across a membrane d) fluid is pulled through a restriction d) fluid is pulled through a restriction During dialysis, ultrafiltration occurs when: a) water is removed from blood because there is a pressure gradient between blood and dialysate b) phosphorus is removed from blood because dialysate is low on phosphorus c) a higher concentration of sodium causes water to move from body compartments into the dialysate d) a suction device is applied to the venous trap and a Harvard Clamp is applied to the arterial side of the blood set A) water is removed from blood because there is a pressure gradient between blood and dialysate At which point in the extracorporeal circuit is the blood usually under negative pressure? a) the arterial line section before the blood pump b) the arterial line section after the blood pump c) the venous chamber d) the venous line section after the venous chamber A) the arterial line section before the blood pump Which of the following will increase the amount of solutes that will diffuse across the semipermeable membrane? a) high equilibrium b) low equilibrium c) high concentration gradients d) low concentration gradients c) high concentration gradients The components of the dialysate treatment that affect clearance include: a) EPOGEN (Epoetin alfa), IV calcitriol, vancomycin b) needle size, dialysate brand, machine brand, line configuraton c) predialysis weight, blood pressure, BUN level, Na level d) dialysate flow, time of treatment, dialyzer size, blood flow rate D) dialysate flow, time of treatment, dialyzer size, blood flow rate Two things that affect the dialyzer's ability to remove wastes from the body include: a) surface area and molecular weight cutoff b) daltons and anaphylaxis c) cellulose and hydrophobic d) none of the above A) surface area and molecular weight cutoff Dialysate is the fluid that helps remove waste products from the body. It contains a number of substances. Choose the group below that might be prescribed for a dialysate solution: a) bicarbonate, sodium, potassium b) magnesium, creatinine, calcium c) chloride, glucose, urea d) beta 2 macroglobulin, calcium, sodium A) bicarbonate, sodium, potassium What is the most important safety monitor during a dialysis treatment? a) the prepump pressure alarm b) the dialysis technician c) the blood leak detector d) the temperature monitor B) the dialysis technician Dialysate conductivity measures: a) the total electrical charge of a solution b) the total number of thermistors in a solution c) the total number of mL per solution d) the total number of gradients in a solution A) the total electrical charge of a solution Dialysate that has too much sodium may cause patient injury. Too much sodium or hypernatremia can cause: a) headaches, high blood pressure, and shriveling of red blood cells b) low blood pressure, cramping, and bursting of red blood cells c) irregular heart beat, muscle weakness, and fatigue d) numbness, seizures, and muscle pain A) headaches, high blood pressure, and shriveling of red blood cells Dialysate that has too much calcium can cause: a) headaches, high blood pressure, and shriveling of red blood cells b) low blood pressure, cramping, and bursting of red blood cells c) irregular heartbeat, severe muscle weakness d) vomiting, confusion, irritability D) vomiting, confusion, irritability Dialysate that has too little sodium can cause: a) headaches, high blood pressure, and shriveling of red blood cells b) low blood pressure, cramping, and bursting of red blood cells c) irregular heartbeat, muscles weakness, and fatigue d) numbness, seizures, and muscle pain B) low blood pressure, cramping, and bursting of red blood cells Dialysis treatment adequacy has been linked to patient outcomes, Delivering an adequate "dose" of dialysis is the responsibility of the patient care staff in a dialysis unit. Things that can affect dialysis adequacy include all of the following EXCEPT: a) time on treatment b) blood and dialysate flow rates c) luer lock connectors d) dialyzer clotting C) luer lock connectors Normal body temperature taken orally is: a) 96.8 F b) 98.6 F c) 99.6 F d) 97.6 F B) 98.6 F