TEAS 6 ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY 2018 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

Which organs do the circulatory and respiratory system share? Lungs, heart, blood vessels What are the 11 systems of the body? MURDERSLINC Muscular Urinary Respiratory Digestive Endocrine Skeletal Lymphatic Integumentary Nervous Circulatory What does Sagittal/Median mean in terms of the body? left/right The cytoskeleton consists of what three types of molecules/what are their functions? microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments functions: shape, support, movement What is the main function of the golgi apparatus? Receiving, modifying, and transporting proteins for secretions from the cell What is the lipid metabolism storage of calcium ions detoxification of toxins What is the cell wall? An outside, rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of the cell What is cytoplasm? Protein rich gel fluid that houses organelles Bacteria are what type of cells? Prokaryotic What is a nucleoid? The condensed DNA of the cell. contains genes and the genetic blueprints for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell What are plasmids? Small, circular portions of DNA (not chromosomal DNA) contain small number of genes What is a function of ribosomes? Produces PROTEIN from RNA What are eukarya? Have eukaryotic cells which are more complex and much larger than prokaryotic cells What is the endoplasmic reticulum? Transport channel within the cell for proteins from one part of the cell to another and in and out of the cell What are the three types of VESICLES? Peroxisomes, Lysosomes, and Vacuoles What organ contains peroxisomes? Liver what are microtubules? Move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes via special attachment proteins. During mitosis, form the mitotic spindle What does the nucleolus do? Produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins What organelles occur ONLY in ANIMAL cells and are involved in cell division where they produce SPINDLES? Centrioles and centrosomes What occurs only in plant cells? Cell plate and chloroplasts What organelle is NOT involved in protein synthesis? Mitochondria How many lobes does the right lung have? 3 How many lobes does the left lung have? 2 Which lung is larger? the right lung Oxygen exchange in the lungs occurs through what process? Diffusion Describe the rate of diffusion in the lungs. Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to surface area and concentration gradient. Inversely proportional to the distance between two solutions. Oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs to be exhaled Describe the process of inspiration Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to increase volume and decrease pressure in the lungs Describe the process of expiration Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to decrease volume and increase pressure in the lungs What is tidal volume? Amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs What does residual capacity mean in the body? It indicates when air is trapped in alveoli after expiration Breathing control centers are located where in the brain? Medulla oblongata of the brainstem What is Cystic Fibrosis? Genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, lung infections What is prefusion? Passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue What secretes surfactant and what is it's function? Alveoli, reduces friction in the lungs What is not sensed by the medulla oblongata? Oxygen levels At the end of a sprint are carbon dioxide levels high or low? Is pH increased or decrease? Is blood acidity increased or decreased? Carbon dioxide is high, pH is decreased, acidity is increased What happens when the residual volume of the lung is reduced? Causes higher inspiratory volume and an oxygen gradient What is walking pneumonia caused by? Mycoplasma infection What is influenza caused by? Coronavirus What is the main function of Circulatory (cardiovascular) system? Movement of blood and lymph around the body, which permits nutrient distribution, transport chemical messengers and immune molecules, waste removal, communication and protection. Define the closed circulatory system? double loop system, think walled arteries that transport blood away from the heart. Thinner walled arteries that transport blood to the heart. capillaries made of single layered epithelium (connect arteries to veins in tissue) What is the open lymphatic system? Circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and drains into the circulatory system What is the pulmonary loop? Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium What is the systemic loop? Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium What is the "lub" in regards to heart sounds? This noise occurs when the tricuspid and Mitral close while pulmonary and aortic open What is the "dub" in regards to heart sounds? it's when the Pulmonary valve and aortic valve close and the Tricuspid and Mitral valve open what are lymphocytes? Small and round type of white blood cell. B cells (make antibodies) and T cells (cell mediated immunity) what is lymph? PLASMA with the red blood cells removed what is plasma? Component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body Excretory functions are preformed by what? Kidney nephrons, skin sweat glands, and lung alveoli What increases after a vaccination? antibodies Where is the SA "pacemaker" located? Top part of the right atrium What is the most abundant white blood cell? Neutrophils What is an aneurysm? Excessive localized ENLARGEMENT of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall. Can rupture and cause stroke What is the function of the pulmonary vein? Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs TOWARD the heart what are the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system? Rest and Digest Increased saliva Release digestive enzymes Heart rate drops Muscles relax Urinary output increases Pupils constrict what are the actions of the sympathetic nervous system? Fight or Flight Heart rate increases Pupils dilate Muscles contract Reduced saliva Slows down digestion more glycogen to glucose what does deglutition mean? Swallowing What is the first part of the small intestine? Duodenum What are the three main secretions of the stomach? Pepsinogen (chief cells) Mucus (goblet cells) Hydrochloric acid (parietal cells) what are granulocytes? Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils Visible granules "Ben is Grand" what are agranulocytes? Lymphocytes and monocytes No visible grains Leukocytes are made where and by what? Red bone marrow by hematopoietic stem cells What is the largest type of white blood cell? Monocytes What is the least frequent type of white blood cell? Basophils what does it mean when someone has leukocytosis? High white blood cell count what are the accessory digestive organs? Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas What are the secretions of the stomach? - Gastric juices (contains HCL to kill bacteria and denature protein) - Pepsin (begins digestion of proteins) - Intrinsic factor (absorption of vitamin B12) - Gastric lipase (digestion of triglycerides) - Gastrin - Ghrelin what are the layers of stomach (deep to surface)? Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa What is the function of the enzyme gastric lipase in the stomach? Splits triglycerides in fat molecules into fatty acids and monoglycerides What is absorbed by the stomach? Small amount of nutrients because epithelial cells are impermeable to most material. some water, short-chain fatty acids, certain drugs like aspirin and alcohol what is the function of the pancreas? To produce DIGESTIVE JUICES that are released into the small intestine. produces insulin what is the function of the liver? To filter toxins from blood and make bile. Converts ammonia to urea what is the function of the small intestine? Where the most nutrients is absorbed what is the function of the large intestine? Absorb water What prevents reflux of food back into the esophagus? Gastric sphincter Where is vitamin K absorbed? Large intestine what is the function of the gallbladder Store bile