TEAS (anatomy and physiology 2021)graded A

apocrine glands Sweat glands in the pubic, underarm areas, and mammary glands that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin Pepsin An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins Trypsin an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease digest RNA and DNA Amylase enzyme that breaks down starch and carbohydrates into sugars Protease enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids eccrine glands glands that produce sweat and open directly onto surface of the skin; found over most of the body sebaceous glands secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles to lubricate skin and hair Systole contraction phase of the heartbeat Diastole relaxation phase of the heartbeat a ventricle during systole contract and move blood to the aorta and pulmonary artery a ventricle during diastole relax and fill with blood cardiac arrhythmia irregular heartbeat: tachycardia (fast) or bradycardia (slow); caused by high levels of potassium sinoatrial node pacemaker of the heart atrioventricular node a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; slows down and triggers electrical signals for ventricles Purkinje fibers fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract tympanic membrane The eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves. cochlea a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses inner ear contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs semicircular canals passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining balance vestibule part of inner ear responsible for equilibrium and balance stapes "stirrup"; inner of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear auricle (pinna) external portion of the ear outer ear pinna and auditory canal auditory canal channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum incus anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear malleus hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear cerumen a waxy substance secreted by glands located throughout the external canal; ear wax Eustachian tube A narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum acoustic meatus opening in skull for nerves of hearing and the facial nerve pleura double-layered membrane surrounding each lung visceral pleura inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue parietal pleura outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall Trachea a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe. Bronchioles smallest branches of the bronchi Surfactant chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing Urethra tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body; 1-1.5 inches long Meiosis a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell Mitosis cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes vas deferens tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra seminal vesicles two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes prostate gland fluid that becomes part of seminal fluid that enhances sperm movement Cowper's gland either of a pair of small glands that open into the urethra at the base of the penis and secrete a constituent of seminal fluid Graafian follicle ruptures during ovulation to release the ovum (egg or oocyte), forming the corpus luteum Bile stored in gallbladder; produced in liver; and aids in digestion of fats small intestine duodenum, jejunum, ileum; peristalsis and absorption of nutrients Peristalsis Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system. liver produces bile; metabolizes nutrients and lipid ascending colon the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon cecum the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens transverse colon passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen descending colon travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon sigmoid colon an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below Rectum the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus appendix A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity. stomach acid involved in destruction of ingested pathogens