Test Bank For Campbell Biology 13th Edition Urry Cain All Chapters with Answers

Test Bank For Campbell Biology 13th Edition Urry Cain All Chapters with Answers 9) Although selection is clearly present, if the ideal equilibrium of alleles existed, what should be the proportion of heterozygous individuals in populations who live here? A) 0.04 B) 0.16 C) 0.20 D) 0.32 E) 0.80 Answer: D Topic: 21.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 21.2, V&C 1, G2, G4 10) Again, if this population were in equilibrium, and if the sickle-cell allele is recessive, what proportion of the population should be susceptible to sickle-cell disease under typical conditions? A) 0.04 B) 0.16 C) 0.20 D) 0.32 E) 0.80 Answer: A Topic: 21.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 21.2, V&C 1, G2, G4 11) Considering the overall human population of the U.S. mainland at the time when the slave trade brought large numbers of people from equatorial Africa, what was primarily acting to change the frequency of the sickle-cell allele in the overall U.S. population? A) natural selection B) gene flow C) genetic drift D) founder effect Answer: B Topic: 21.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 21.3, V&C 1, G2, G5 24 . 12) The sickle-cell allele is pleiotropic (i.e., it affects more than one phenotypic trait). Specifically, this allele affects oxygen delivery to tissues and affects an individual's susceptibility to malaria. Under conditions of low atmospheric oxygen availability, individuals heterozygous for this allele can experience life-threatening sickle-cell "crises." Such individuals remain less susceptible to malaria. Thus, pleiotropic genes/alleles such as this can help explain why A) new advantageous alleles do not arise on demand. B) evolution is limited by historical constraints. C) adaptations are often compromises. D) chance events can affect the evolutionary history of populations. Answer: C Topic: 21.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 21.3, V&C 1, G2, G5, G7 13) In the United States, the parasite that causes malaria is not present, but African Americans whose ancestors were from equatorial Africa are present. What should be happening to the sickle-cell allele in the United States, and what should be happening to it in equatorial Africa? A) stabilizing selection; disruptive selection B) disruptive selection; stabilizing selection C) disruptive selection; directional selection D) directional selection; disruptive selection Answer: D Topic: 21.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 21.4, V&C 1, G2, G7 Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations. All 10 of the original colonists had free earlobes, and 2 were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes. 14) Which of these is closest to the allele frequency in the founding population? A) 0.1 a, 0.9 A B) 0.2 a, 0.8 A C) 0.5 a, 0.5 A D) 0.8 a, 0.2 A E) 0.4 a, 0.6 A Answer: A Topic: 21.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 21.2, V&C 1, G2, G4 25 . 15) If you assume that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium applies to the population of colonists on this planet, about how many people will have attached earlobes when the planet's population reaches 10,000? A) 100 B) 400 C) 800 D) 1,000 E) 10,000 Answer: A Topic: 21.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 21.2, V&C 1, G2, G4 16) If four of the original colonists died before they produced offspring, the ratios of genotypes could be quite different in the subsequent generations. This would be an example of A) diploidy. B) gene flow. C) genetic drift. D) disruptive selection. E) stabilizing selection. Answer: C Topic: 21.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 21.3, V&C 1, G2 17) You are maintaining a small population of fruit flies in the laboratory by transferring the flies to a new culture bottle after each generation. After several generations, you notice the viability of the flies has decreased greatly. Recognizing that small population size is likely to be linked to decreased viability, the best way to reverse this trend is to A) cross your flies with flies from another lab. B) reduce the number of flies that you transfer at each generation. C) transfer only the largest flies. D) change the temperature at which you rear the flies. E) shock the flies with a brief treatment of heat or cold to make them more hardy. Answer: A Topic: 21.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 21.3, V&C 1, G2 26 . 18) Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined. If the human flu virus contributes a gene for Tamiflu resistance (Tamiflu is an antiviral drug) to the new virus, and if the new virus is introduced to an environment lacking Tamiflu, then what is most likely to occur? A) The new virus will maintain its Tamiflu-resistance gene, just in case of future exposure to Tamiflu. B) The Tamiflu-resistance gene will undergo mutations that convert it into a gene that has a useful function in this environment. C) If the Tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency. D) If the Tamiflu-resistance gene confers no benefit in the current environment and has no cost, the virus will become dormant until Tamiflu is present. Answer: C Topic: 21.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 21.4, V&C 1 21.4 End-of-Chapter Questions 1) Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some ________ survive and reproduce more successfully than others. A) alleles B) loci C) species D) individuals Answer: D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 2) No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is A) new mutations that occurred in the preceding generation. B) genetic drift. C) the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction. D) environmental effects. Answer: C Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 27 . 3) Sparrows with average-sized wings survive severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating A) the bottleneck effect. B) disruptive selection. C) frequency-dependent selection. D) stabilizing selection. Answer: D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 4) If the nucleotide variability of a locus equals 0%, what is the gene variability and number of alleles at that locus? A) gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 0 B) gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 1 C) gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 2 D) gene variability > 0%; number of alleles = 2 Answer: B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 5) There are 25 individuals in population 1, all with genotype AA, and there are 40 individuals in population 2, all with genotype aa. Assume these populations are located far from each other and that their environmental conditions are very similar. Based on the information given here, the observed genetic variation most likely resulted from A) genetic drift. B) gene flow. C) nonrandom mating. D) directional selection. Answer: A Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 6) A fruit fly population has a gene with two alleles, A1 and A2. Tests show that 70% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A1 allele. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the flies carry both A1 and A2? A) 0.7 B) 0.49 C) 0.42 D) 0.21 Answer: C Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 28 . Campbell Biology in Focus, Global Edition (Urry) Chapter 22 The Origin of Species 22.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the models used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible. A) I and II only B) I and III only C) II and III only D) I, II, and III Answer: B Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G7 2) There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was interbreeding between Neanderthals and humans; however, it appears to have been limited and mostly unidirectional (Neanderthal genes are present in Homo sapiens DNA, but there exists little to no evidence of the DNA of Homo sapiens in the small number of genomes sequenced from Neanderthal fossils. Which species concept is most applicable as a method of analysis in this example? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) morphological D) biological Answer: A Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2, G7 1 . 3) You are an undergraduate student working with a graduate student in an entomology lab, and she presents you with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to help her separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? A) biological B) phylogenetic C) ecological D) morphological Answer: D Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2, G7 4) Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? A) the postzygotic barrier, reduced hybrid viability B) the postzygotic barrier, hybrid breakdown C) the prezygotic barrier, reduced hybrid fertility D) the prezygotic barrier, gametic isolation Answer: A Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1 5) Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? A) ecological and phylogenetic B) morphological and phylogenetic C) biological and morphological D) biological and phylogenetic Answer: D Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2, G7 2 . 6) Which of the following statements about speciation is correct? A) The end result of natural selection is always speciation. B) Natural selection chooses the reproductive barriers for populations. C) It always takes millions of years for speciation to occur. D) Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution. Answer: D Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G7 7) Which of the following criteria used in classification is the most easily evaluated by the observer? A) morphology B) biochemistry C) physiology D) DNA sequence Answer: A Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 22.1, G2, V&C 1 8) A species is represented by individuals that form a population A) whose members have the ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. B) whose members have the ability to interbreed but do not produce viable offspring. C) but are reproductively incompatible. D) but are distinct biological species that live in the same area. Answer: A Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1 9) Which of the following reproductive types of isolation illustrates postzygotic barriers? A) habitat isolation B) mechanical isolation C) temporal isolation D) hybrid breakdown Answer: D Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1 3 . 10) When the only evidence available for two extinct species is their fossil record, evaluation of reproductive isolation and the biological species concept is not useful. However, the phylogenetic species concept could potentially differentiate the species by using evolutionary history to describe A) morphology traits shared by the smallest group of individuals of each species that share a common ancestor. B) the ecological niches of each, interacting with living and nonliving parts of their environment. C) their gametic compatibility. D) their temporal isolation. Answer: A Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2 11) Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable? 1. sympatric species 2. prezygotic isolation 3. postzygotic isolation 4. allopatric species 5. habitat isolation 6. reduced hybrid fertility A) 1 and 2 only B) 2 and 4 only C) 1, 3, and 6 only D) 2, 4, and 5 only E) 1, 2, 5, and 6 only Answer: A Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 5-6: Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2 4 . 12) In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on the blood of pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. If some of these pronghorn-feeding fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with other fleas that prefer cattle blood, then over time which of these should occur, if the host mammal can be considered as the fleas' habitat? 1. reproductive isolation 2. sympatric speciation 3. habitat isolation 4. prezygotic barriers A) 1 only B) 2 and 3 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 2, 3, and 4 E) 1 through 4 Answer: E Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2 13) Which of the following correctly describes, or is an example of, habitat isolation? A) Members of different frog species never come in contact due to a difference in mating season. B) Members of different bird species never come in contact due to differences in their songs or mating calls. C) Members of the same species never come in contact due to a geographic barrier to interbreeding. D) Morphological features such as size or incompatible genitalia prevent interbreeding. E) Members of different plant species are in flower at different times of the season, minimizing interbreeding. Answer: C Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2 5 . 14) Imagine a male dragonfly is flying around in an aggressive pattern to find an appropriate mate in a wetland with many species of dragonflies and damselflies. Finally, he spots a female dragonfly that appears to be of the same species, based on her flight behavior and color, and the two mate. The sperm of the male, however, are unable to fertilize the eggs of the female when she lays them because her egg cell membrane proteins and carbohydrates do not recognize and bind to the male's sperm. This is an example of A) reduced hybrid viability. B) behavioral isolation. C) a postzygotic barrier. D) mechanical isolation. E) gametic isolation. Answer: E Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2 15) Imagine two species of snakes that live in a tropical rain forest of Malaysia do not typically interbreed. In nature, one species is ground-dwelling and feeds mainly on insects and small amphibians near water, whereas the other snake feeds in the lower to mid-canopy of trees and vines rising from the forest floor. However, at a zoo in Singapore where they were kept in the same gallery exhibit, the two species were observed interbreeding and produced viable offspring. Which of the following reproductive barriers is most likely preventing these species from interbreeding in the forest? A) reduced hybrid viability B) habitat isolation C) a postzygotic barrier D) mechanical isolation E) gametic isolation Answer: B Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1, G2 16) Macroevolution occurs A) only when reproductive barriers, either pre- or post-zygotic, prevent all gene flow between two populations. B) when reproductive barriers, either pre- or post-zygotic, genetically isolate species, even in the presence of some gene flow between two populations. C) when species populations undergo changes in allele frequencies over time. D) when species morphology from genetic change causes their physical similarity to drift apart. Answer: B Topic: 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation Bloom's Taxonomy: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 22.1, V&C 1 6 .