Lifespan Development: A
Psychological Perspective Second Edition
By Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French (Published
2019)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Lifespan Development
Chapter 2: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth
Chapter 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood
Chapter 4: Early Childhood
Chapter 5: Middle and Late Childhood
Chapter 6: Adolescence
Chapter 7: Emerging and Early Adulthood
Chapter 8: Middle Adulthood
Chapter 9: Late Adulthood
Chapter 10: Death and Dying
1
,Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Lifespan Development ....................................................................................... 9
Lifespan Perspective ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Conceptions of Age ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Periods of Development .................................................................................................................................... 14
Issues in Lifespan Development ....................................................................................................................... 16
Historical Theories on Development................................................................................................................. 17
Contemporary Theories on Development ......................................................................................................... 18
Descriptive Research......................................................................................................................................... 24
Correlational Research ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Experimental Research...................................................................................................................................... 28
Research Involving Time-Spans ....................................................................................................................... 29
Conducting Ethical Research ............................................................................................................................. 32
References ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 2: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth.............................................................................. 35
Heredity............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Genotypes and Phenotypes ............................................................................................................................... 36
Genetic Disorders .............................................................................................................................................. 37
Chromosomal Abnormalities ............................................................................................................................ 39
Behavioral Genetics .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Prenatal Development ....................................................................................................................................... 43
The Germinal Period ......................................................................................................................................... 43
The Embryonic Period ...................................................................................................................................... 44
The Fetal Period ................................................................................................................................................ 45
Prenatal Brain Development ............................................................................................................................. 47
Teratogens ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Maternal Factors ............................................................................................................................................... 53
Prenatal Assessment .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Complications of Pregnancy ............................................................................................................................. 59
Preparation for Childbirth ................................................................................................................................. 60
Stages of Birth for Vaginal Delivery................................................................................................................. 61
Assessing the Neonate....................................................................................................................................... 63
Problems of the Newborn.................................................................................................................................. 63
Postpartum Maternal Concerns ......................................................................................................................... 65
2
, References ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood .......................................................................................................... 71
The Brain in the First Two Years ...................................................................................................................... 72
Infant Sleep ....................................................................................................................................................... 74
From Reflexes to Voluntary Movements .......................................................................................................... 77
Motor Development .......................................................................................................................................... 78
Sensory Capacities ............................................................................................................................................ 79
Nutrition ............................................................................................................................................................ 82
Global Considerations and Malnutrition ........................................................................................................... 84
Piaget and the Sensorimotor Stage .................................................................................................................... 85
Language ........................................................................................................................................................... 89
Components of Language.................................................................................................................................. 90
Language Developmental Progression .............................................................................................................. 91
Theories of Language Development ................................................................................................................. 93
Temperament .................................................................................................................................................... 97
Infant Emotions ................................................................................................................................................. 99
Forming Attachments ...................................................................................................................................... 101
Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust .............................................................................................................................. 102
Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation Technique ................................................................................... 102
Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt ...................................................................................................... 106
Measuring Infant Development ....................................................................................................................... 106
References ....................................................................................................................................................... 106
Chapter 4: Early Childhood ....................................................................................................................... 115
Brain Maturation ............................................................................................................................................. 116
Motor Skill Development ................................................................................................................................ 117
Toilet Training ................................................................................................................................................ 119
Sleep ................................................................................................................................................................ 119
Sexual Development in Early Childhood ........................................................................................................ 120
Nutritional Concerns ....................................................................................................................................... 121
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage .......................................................................................................................... 123
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development ........................................................................ 126
Information Processing ................................................................................................................................... 127
Attention ......................................................................................................................................................... 127
Memory ........................................................................................................................................................... 128
Neo-Piagetians ................................................................................................................................................ 130
3
, Children’s Understanding of the World .......................................................................................................... 131
Language Development .................................................................................................................................. 133
Bilingualism .................................................................................................................................................... 134
Preschool ......................................................................................................................................................... 135
Autism Spectrum Disorder .............................................................................................................................. 136
Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt ............................................................................................................................. 139
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem ........................................................................................................................ 139
Self-Control..................................................................................................................................................... 140
Gender ............................................................................................................................................................. 140
Theories of Gender Development ................................................................................................................... 141
Transgender Children ...................................................................................................................................... 142
Parenting Styles............................................................................................................................................... 143
Spanking ......................................................................................................................................................... 145
Sibling Relationships ...................................................................................................................................... 146
Play ................................................................................................................................................................. 147
Children and the Media ................................................................................................................................... 149
Child Care ....................................................................................................................................................... 150
Child Abuse .................................................................................................................................................... 151
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) ........................................................................................................ 152
References ....................................................................................................................................................... 155
Chapter 5: Middle and Late Childhood .................................................................................................... 164
Physical Development..................................................................................................................................... 164
Sports .............................................................................................................................................................. 165
Childhood Obesity .......................................................................................................................................... 168
Concrete Operational Thought ........................................................................................................................ 170
Information Processing ................................................................................................................................... 172
Language Development .................................................................................................................................. 174
Communication Disorders .............................................................................................................................. 174
Theories of Intelligence................................................................................................................................... 175
Measuring Intelligence: Standardization and the Intelligence Quotient ............................................................ 179
Extremes of Intelligence: Intellectual Disability and Giftedness...................................................................... 181
Education ........................................................................................................................................................ 183
Cultural Differences in the Classroom ............................................................................................................ 184
Children with Disabilities ............................................................................................................................... 187
Children with Disabilities: Legislation ........................................................................................................... 191
4
Psychological Perspective Second Edition
By Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French (Published
2019)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Lifespan Development
Chapter 2: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth
Chapter 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood
Chapter 4: Early Childhood
Chapter 5: Middle and Late Childhood
Chapter 6: Adolescence
Chapter 7: Emerging and Early Adulthood
Chapter 8: Middle Adulthood
Chapter 9: Late Adulthood
Chapter 10: Death and Dying
1
,Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Lifespan Development ....................................................................................... 9
Lifespan Perspective ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Conceptions of Age ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Periods of Development .................................................................................................................................... 14
Issues in Lifespan Development ....................................................................................................................... 16
Historical Theories on Development................................................................................................................. 17
Contemporary Theories on Development ......................................................................................................... 18
Descriptive Research......................................................................................................................................... 24
Correlational Research ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Experimental Research...................................................................................................................................... 28
Research Involving Time-Spans ....................................................................................................................... 29
Conducting Ethical Research ............................................................................................................................. 32
References ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 2: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth.............................................................................. 35
Heredity............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Genotypes and Phenotypes ............................................................................................................................... 36
Genetic Disorders .............................................................................................................................................. 37
Chromosomal Abnormalities ............................................................................................................................ 39
Behavioral Genetics .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Prenatal Development ....................................................................................................................................... 43
The Germinal Period ......................................................................................................................................... 43
The Embryonic Period ...................................................................................................................................... 44
The Fetal Period ................................................................................................................................................ 45
Prenatal Brain Development ............................................................................................................................. 47
Teratogens ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Maternal Factors ............................................................................................................................................... 53
Prenatal Assessment .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Complications of Pregnancy ............................................................................................................................. 59
Preparation for Childbirth ................................................................................................................................. 60
Stages of Birth for Vaginal Delivery................................................................................................................. 61
Assessing the Neonate....................................................................................................................................... 63
Problems of the Newborn.................................................................................................................................. 63
Postpartum Maternal Concerns ......................................................................................................................... 65
2
, References ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood .......................................................................................................... 71
The Brain in the First Two Years ...................................................................................................................... 72
Infant Sleep ....................................................................................................................................................... 74
From Reflexes to Voluntary Movements .......................................................................................................... 77
Motor Development .......................................................................................................................................... 78
Sensory Capacities ............................................................................................................................................ 79
Nutrition ............................................................................................................................................................ 82
Global Considerations and Malnutrition ........................................................................................................... 84
Piaget and the Sensorimotor Stage .................................................................................................................... 85
Language ........................................................................................................................................................... 89
Components of Language.................................................................................................................................. 90
Language Developmental Progression .............................................................................................................. 91
Theories of Language Development ................................................................................................................. 93
Temperament .................................................................................................................................................... 97
Infant Emotions ................................................................................................................................................. 99
Forming Attachments ...................................................................................................................................... 101
Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust .............................................................................................................................. 102
Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation Technique ................................................................................... 102
Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt ...................................................................................................... 106
Measuring Infant Development ....................................................................................................................... 106
References ....................................................................................................................................................... 106
Chapter 4: Early Childhood ....................................................................................................................... 115
Brain Maturation ............................................................................................................................................. 116
Motor Skill Development ................................................................................................................................ 117
Toilet Training ................................................................................................................................................ 119
Sleep ................................................................................................................................................................ 119
Sexual Development in Early Childhood ........................................................................................................ 120
Nutritional Concerns ....................................................................................................................................... 121
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage .......................................................................................................................... 123
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development ........................................................................ 126
Information Processing ................................................................................................................................... 127
Attention ......................................................................................................................................................... 127
Memory ........................................................................................................................................................... 128
Neo-Piagetians ................................................................................................................................................ 130
3
, Children’s Understanding of the World .......................................................................................................... 131
Language Development .................................................................................................................................. 133
Bilingualism .................................................................................................................................................... 134
Preschool ......................................................................................................................................................... 135
Autism Spectrum Disorder .............................................................................................................................. 136
Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt ............................................................................................................................. 139
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem ........................................................................................................................ 139
Self-Control..................................................................................................................................................... 140
Gender ............................................................................................................................................................. 140
Theories of Gender Development ................................................................................................................... 141
Transgender Children ...................................................................................................................................... 142
Parenting Styles............................................................................................................................................... 143
Spanking ......................................................................................................................................................... 145
Sibling Relationships ...................................................................................................................................... 146
Play ................................................................................................................................................................. 147
Children and the Media ................................................................................................................................... 149
Child Care ....................................................................................................................................................... 150
Child Abuse .................................................................................................................................................... 151
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) ........................................................................................................ 152
References ....................................................................................................................................................... 155
Chapter 5: Middle and Late Childhood .................................................................................................... 164
Physical Development..................................................................................................................................... 164
Sports .............................................................................................................................................................. 165
Childhood Obesity .......................................................................................................................................... 168
Concrete Operational Thought ........................................................................................................................ 170
Information Processing ................................................................................................................................... 172
Language Development .................................................................................................................................. 174
Communication Disorders .............................................................................................................................. 174
Theories of Intelligence................................................................................................................................... 175
Measuring Intelligence: Standardization and the Intelligence Quotient ............................................................ 179
Extremes of Intelligence: Intellectual Disability and Giftedness...................................................................... 181
Education ........................................................................................................................................................ 183
Cultural Differences in the Classroom ............................................................................................................ 184
Children with Disabilities ............................................................................................................................... 187
Children with Disabilities: Legislation ........................................................................................................... 191
4
