NU 606~Exam 3~Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology 6th - Ch 12,13,25,26 Questions With Complete Solutions

Describe four general treatment measures for cardiac disorders. correct answer: dietary modification; exercise program; cessation of smoking; drug therapy 3. Identify ten risk factors for developing atherosclerosis. Indicate which ones are modifiable and which ones are not. Note that these are the same risk factors for heart disease. correct answer: • age—cannot be changed • gender—cannot be changed • genetic or familial factors—cannot be changed • obesity—modifiable • cigarette smoking—modifiable • sedentary lifestyle—modifiable • diabetes mellitus—modifiable • poorly controlled hypertension—modifiable • oral contraceptives and smoking in combination— modifiable • high cholesterol and hypertension—modifiable Describe the process of atheroma formation, from the initial fatty streaks in the arterial wall intima to a complicated plaque. correct answer: • Endothelial injury happens in the artery, often at a young age. • Inflammation and elevation of C-reactive protein develop. • White blood cells, especially monocytes and macrophages, accumulate. • Lipid accumulates in the intima or inner lining of the artery and media or muscle layer. • A plaque forms, and inflammation persists. • Platelets adhere to damaged surface, forming a thrombus and partial obstruction. • Lipid continues to build up at the site of injury, along with fibrous tissue (atheroma). • Platelets adhere and prostaglandins release, causing further inflammation and vasospasm. • Process continues with larger thrombus formation, potential for total occlusion, and possibility of embolism. Describe the significance of plaque formation, including five potential complications of atherosclerosis. correct answer: Development of atheromatous plaques narrows the lumen of arteries restricting flow, causing turbulence, thrombus formation, and potential embolism. The atheroma also damages the arterial wall, weakening the structure and decreasing elasticity, and ultimately may calcify, causing further rigidity. Complications include: 1) thrombus formation, with partial (angina) or 2) total occlusion, precipitating a myocardial infarction, 3) embolism and infarction (stroke and peripheral vascular damage), 4) aneurysm, or 5) rupture and hemorrhage. Which vessels are affected by atherosclerosis? correct answer: primarily large arteries particularly at bifurcations—aorta, coronary, iliac, carotids Describe common therapeutic interventions, to include lifest