Abnormal Psychology Final Exam accurate 100%

Abnormal Psychology Final Exam abnormal behavior - Patterns of thought, emotion, and actions that are deviant, unexpected, or "away from the standard" based on statistical, social-cultural, and/or functional standards. abnormal psychology - The scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and ultimately change abnormal patterns of functioning. acute stress disorder - An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization, and lasting less than a month. Many victims later develop posttraumatic stress disorder. addiction - Physical dependence on a substance marked by tolerance, withdrawal symptoms during abstinence, or both. affect - A subjective feeling of emotion or mood often accompanied by bodily expressions noticeable to others. age of onset - Person's age when he or she develops or exhibits symptoms of a disorder. agnosia - Inability to recognize and name objects; may be a symptom of dementia or other brain disorders. agoraphobia - Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic symptoms were to occur. alogia - Deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia. Also known as poverty of speech. alternate personalities / alters - In dissociative identity disorder, the additional identities along with the host identity. Also known as subpersonalities. American Law Institute (ALI) test (1955) - A legal test for insanity that holds a person to be insane at the time of committing a crime, if during criminal conduct, the individual could not judge right from wrong or control his or her behavior as required by law. Compare M'Naghten Rule and irresistible impulse. amnestic disorders - Organic disorders in which the primary symptom is memory loss. anhedonia - Inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders. anorexia nervosa - Eating disorder characterized by continual food refusal and the pursuit of extreme thinness, leading to dangerously low body weight. antisocial personality disorder - A personality disorder marked by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Deceitful, unremorseful, manipulative, lacks anxiety and guilt. anxiety - Mood state characterized by marked negative affect, behaviors, and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune. anxiety disorders - A varied group of disorders that all have anxiety, fear, or tension as an essential feature. Includes specific phobias, social phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. aphasia - Impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or other illness or trauma. apraxia - Loss of motor activities (such as walking); one of the symptoms of dementia. Asperger's disorder - A pervasive developmental disorder in which individuals display profound social impairment and restricted or unusual behaviors, but without language delays seen in autism. attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Developmental disorder in which persons are unable to focus their attention, they behave hyperactively or impulsively, or both. auditory hallucinations - Psychotic disturbance in perception in which a person hears sounds or voices although these are not real or actually present. The voices are often critical, accusatory, or demanding. attributional style - The relatively consistent explanations a person forms about why personal stressors or other negative life events occur, taking the form of internal vs. external, stable vs. unstable, and global vs. specific. autistic disorder (autism) - Pervasive developmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in social interactions, extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, and highly repetitive and rigid behavior. avoidant personality disorder - A personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to criticism. avolition - A symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy, and an inability to initiate or complete important activities. behavior therapy - An group of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred internal factors as targets for change. Also known as behavior modification. behavioral medicine - Interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. behaviorism - The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior, including dysfunction, without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). binge-eating disorder - An eating disorder involving consumption of large amounts of food in a short period of time, uncontrollable and distressing to the individual but not followed by compensatory behaviors. biological paradigm - Explanation of psychological dysfunction that primarily emphasizes biological process in the brain or illness as the cause. biopsychosocial model - The model that psychological disorders are not caused by one or two factors in a linear way; rather, they are a product of a continual interaction of a number of biological, psychological and social factors. bipolar I disorder - Mood disorder characterized by the alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes. bipolar II disorder - Mood disorder characterized by the alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic (not full manic) episodes. body dysmorphic disorder - A somatoform disorder marked by preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance, for example, facial blemishes, size or shape of nose or ears. borderline personality disorder - A personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of erratic moods, unstable self-image and relationships, cannot stand to be alone; intense anger, depression, and extremely impulsive behavior, including self-mutilation. brief psychotic disorder - Psychotic disorder involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech and behavior, that appear suddenly after a very stressful event and last anywhere from a few hours to 1 month. bulimia nervosa - Eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (e.g., deliberate vomiting, laxative abuse, excessive exercise). anorexia nervosa, binge-eating-purging type (bulimarexia) - A variation of anorexia in which the individual turns to bingeing and then goes on to vomiting or other purging as a way of keeping weight at very low levels. catatonia - A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms sometimes found in schizophrenia involving immobility, posturing, or excited agitation. categorical classification - A system of placing disorders in categories with the assumption that each disorder is clearly different from every other disorder (an "all-or-none" approach). Based on the medical model in which every diagnosis has a distinct set of characteristics and underlying cause. Compare to dimensional classification. childhood disintegrative disorder - Pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2- to 4-year period of normal development. civil commitment - Legal proceedings that determine whether a person is mentally disordered and may be hospitalized, even involuntarily. clang - A rhyme used by some persons with schizophrenia as a guide to forming thoughts and statements. clinical assessment / clinical interview - Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder. clinical psychology - The specialty of psychology involving research, assessment, treatment, and prevention of abnormal behavior. cognition - The process of knowing; the thinking, remembering, judging, reasoning, and planning activities of the human mind. Behavior is often explained as depending on these processes. cognitive-behavioral paradigm - The model of human behavior that people can best be understood by studying how they perceive and structure their experiences and how this influences behavior. cognitive therapy - Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes. communication disorders - Problems in transmitting or conveying information, including stuttering, selective mutism, and expressive language disorder. comorbidity - The presence of two or more disorders in an individual at the same time. compensatory behaviors - In eating disorders, those behaviors intended to avoid gaining weight from ingesting food. Examples are purging, forced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercising. competency - Ability of legal defendants to participate in their own defense and understand the charges and the roles of the trial participants. compulsions - Repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behaviors or thoughts a person feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety. conduct disorder - Pattern of extreme disobedience in children, including theft, vandalism, lying, running away from home, and early drug use. May be precursor of antisocial personality disorder.