NURS 6635 PMHNP; Exam Practice Questions With 100% Correct Answers Latest Update 2023/2024 | Graded A+

Select the neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents based on the common comorbidity of tic disorders. Opioid analgesics are drugs that function on opioid receptors that are used to alleviate pain. Weak opioid analgesics are often used to describe compound analgesics that combine acetaminophen with low levels of codeine or tramadol. Opioid analgesics, which include oxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine, can be used to relieve mild to extreme acute pain. Opioids are medications that are chemically similar to, but more potent than, the body's own pain relievers (endorphins). They operate by binding to receptors on cells, primarily in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. Step-by-Step explanation References Andrieu, G., Amrouni, H., Robin, E., Carnaille, B., Wattier, J. M., Pattou, F., ... & Lebuffe, G. (2017). Analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under general anaesthesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 99(4), 561-566. Mangione, M. P., & Crowley-Matoka, M. (2018). Improving pain management communication: how patients understand the terms "opioid" and "narcotic". Journal of general internal medicine, 23(9), 1336. 1 points QUESTION 3 1. Select the most commonly occurring eating disorder. Answer: A Anorexia . nervosa B Bulimia . nervosa C Purging . D Binge . A. Anorexia Nervosa Step-by-Step explanation Anorexia nervosa is one eating disorder that most people have heard of. People with anorexia often starve themselves in order to achieve an unattainable ideal of thinness. This condition, like many eating disorders, tends to affect more women than men. 1 points QUESTION 4 1. Select the disorder in which inflicting injury to self or others is common. A Pain . 1 points 1 points B Conversion . C Somatic . symptom D Factitious . Factitious disorder is a serious mental disorder in which someone deceives others by appearing sick, by purposely getting sick or by self-injury. QUESTION 5 1. Select two imaging methods used to study anxiety disorders. A CT . B TM . S C MRI . D EKG . QUESTION 6 1. Select the two factors that do not cause dissociative amnesia. A Sexual . abuse B Substance . abuse C Surgical pain . D Partner . betrayal Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is; A. Sexual abuse D. Partner betrayal Substance abuse and surgical pain can cause dissociative amnesia. Dissociative amnesia is a disorder in which a person loses track of vital details from their past. This forgetfulness can be limited to a few key areas (thematic), or it might encompass a large portion of a person's life history and/or identity (general). Drug and alcohol usage not only raises the risk of having a co-occurring or comorbid substance use disorder, but it can also intensify dissociative amnesia symptoms. Dissociative disorders are essential to the pain physician because persistent pain can be Reference accompanied with dissociative symptoms. A disruption in the integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception characterizes dissociative disorders. 1 points 1 points 1 points QUESTION 9 1. Select the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients. Wagener, D. (2019, September 5). Treatment for dissociative amnesia and substance abuse. American Addiction Centers. QUESTION 7 1. Select the correct epidemiologic fact about major depression in children and adolescents. A There is a 20% incidence by age 18 . B The incidence is equal in adolescent females and males . C There is a decreased incidence after 20 . D The incidence is five- to ten-fold greater in children with a parent or sibling . with major depression Answer:  A. There is 20% incidence by age of 18 years. Step-by-Step explanation Depression takes place at an estimated rate of around two percent during childhood and from four to around seven percent in time of the adolescence stage. This mental illness is a top cause of health impairment called the morbidity and death also known as mortality which is increasing rapidly every time. Depression is common in time of teenage years, having impacts on about 20% of adolescents by the time they reach adulthood, that is the age of 18. Reference. Jacobs, R. H., Reinecke, M. A., Gollan, J. K., & Kane, P. (2008). Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective. Clinical psychology review, 28(5), 759-782. QUESTION 8 1. Select the brain region that is most implicated in the function of memory. A Hippocampu . s B Temporal . lobe C Amygdala . D Corpus . callosum 1 points A Drug adverse effects . B Variability of family . therapy C Patient resistance . D Noncompliance with . therapy Answer; C) Patient resistance Step-by-Step explanation Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic illness in which sufferers experience a slew of negative consequences in a variety of areas of their lives as a result of their low weight and restrictive food intake. Given these negative consequences, which are visible in physical, emotional, and social dimensions, it can be tempting to dismiss the condition entirely. As a result, AN sufferers' inability to pursue, continue, or participate in care may also be perplexing from an outsider's perspective. This ego-syntonic perspective is most prevalent in anorexia nervosa. When an eating disorder is experienced as ego-syntonic, there is little to no desire to alter the habits, resulting in high levels of medication resistance that worsens over time. The egosyntonic aspect of the disease, in which individuals with anorexia nervosa esteem their condition, is a major issue for clinicians treating the illness. This hinders encouragement for rehabilitation and involvement with care. The aim of this review article is to explain the essence of egosyntonicity in anorexia nervosa by examining both qualitative and quantitative studies on the topic, and, more importantly, to present strategies for overcoming this impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa care. Therefore, we can conclude that, the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients is option C, Patient resistance. References The Egosyntonic nature of anorexia: An impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa treatment. (2019, January 14). PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved April 6, 2021, from Patient resistance in eating disorders. (2014, September 24). Psychiatric Times. Retrieved April 6, 2021, from Perplexities of treatment resistence in eating disorders. (2013, November 7). BMC Psychiatry. Retrieved April 6, 2021, from QUESTION 10 1. Select the most common sleep disorder. A Parasomni . a B Hypersom . nia C Insomnia . D Apnea 1 points . Answer: c. Insomnia Step-by-Step explanation Insomnia refers to the inability to stay asleep and fall asleep. It the most common sleeping disease. Markedly, narcolepsy triggers extreme sleepiness during the daytime, while hypersomnia involves the inability to remain awake in the day. The others are severe but less common than insomnia. For instance, apnea affects frequent breathing when one is sleeping. Parasomnia leads to unusual behavior when sleeping that can happen at any stage and time of sleep. It may include the transition from sleeping to wakefulness, talking, moving around, and doing abnormal things while asleep. Reference; Morin, C. M., Drake, C. L., Harvey, A. G., Krystal, A. D., Manber, R., Riemann, D., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2015). Insomnia disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 1-18. QUESTION 11 1. Select the percentage of untreated PTSD patients who recover after one year. A 10 . % B 20 . % C 30 . % D 50 . % Answer: PTSD Data compiled by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' National Center for PTSD indicate that roughly half of all American women and more than half of all American men will experience traumatic situations associated with the later onset of post-traumatic stress disorder. However, much smaller numbers of men and women will actually develop the disorder. Specific traumas linked to the condition include combat participation, being present in a combat zone, adult exposure to physical or sexual attacks, childhood exposure to physical or sexual abuse, exposure to severe floods or other national disasters, exposure to lifethreatening accidents and exposure to life-threatening physical illness. For a number of reasons, a woman exposed to severe mental/emotional trauma has higher chances of developing PTSD than a man exposed to such trauma. Doctors can't diagnose PTSD in a person who has undergone a highly traumatic experience within a period of 30 days. Instead, they diagnose the condition in people who continue to experience symptoms after 30 days or only show the first signs of a damaging stress reaction after 30 days. Specific symptoms of the condition include nightmares or flashbacks that involuntarily recall a traumatic situation, an excessive state of mental arousal stemming from an overactive "fight-or-flight" response, avoidance of anything that serves as a trauma reminder and an ongoing or recurring negative outlook that impairs dayto-day functionality. Step-by-Step explanation How Often Do Adults Recover? In the study review published in Clinical Psychology Review, researchers from the Netherlands' University of Amsterdam and Tilburg University and the United Kingdom's Queen Mary University 1 points of London used data gathered from 42 previously conducted studies to determine how often people diagnosed with PTSD recover 10 months or more after receiving their initial diagnosis if they don't receive treatment geared toward their condition. The studies under consideration included 81,642 adults diagnosed with the disorder. On average, the studies looked at the outcomes for untreated PTSD patients over the course of 40 months. The researchers looked at the numbers of people who no longer had diagnosable cases of PTSD; they considered cases of "spontaneous" remission rather than cases of remission stemming from PTSD-specific treatment. At the low end, the recovery rate for the participants of one study was just 8 percent; at the high end, the recovery rate for the participants of another study was 89 percent. All told, 44 percent of the participants in all of the studies recovered from their condition and no longer qualified for a PTSD diagnosis. The study's authors note that the highest rates of spontaneous recovery apparently occur among people exposed to natural disaster-related trauma; conversely, the lowest rates of recovery apparently occur among people exposed to physical illness-related trauma. They also note that people diagnosed with PTSD fairly soon after developing their symptoms typically have higher chances of recovering spontaneously than people diagnosed after exhibiting symptoms for extended amounts of time. The authors believe their findings contribute considerably to the understanding of PTSD recovery, as well as the understanding of the lasting effects of specific sources of PTSD. It's critically important to point out that no one can tell who will naturally recover from the condition; for this reason, all affected individuals should seek prompt treatment from qualified mental health professionals. Significance Trauma disorders are a common and costly problem in the United States. An estimated 5.2 million American adults ages 18 to 54, or approximately 3.6 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have PTSD. In 1990, anxiety disorders cost the U.S. an estimated $46.6 billion. Untreated PTSD from any trauma is unlikely to disappear and can contribute to chronic pain, depression, drug and alcohol abuse and sleep problems that impede a person's ability to work and interact with others. According to psychologist R.C. Kessler's findings from The National Cormorbidity Survey Report (NCS) that examined over 8,000 individuals between the ages of 15 to 54, almost 8 % of adult Americans will experience PTSD at some point in their lives, with women (10.4%) twice as likely to be victims as men (5%). QUESTION 12 1. Select the factor that is required to cause PTSD from a stressor. A Intense horror . B Isolated experience . C Concurrent substance . abuse D Survivor’s guilt . Answer is A, Intense horror. Step-by-Step explanation 1 points 1 points Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event. Horror films are designed to elicit certain emotions such as tension, fear, stress, and shock. These can cause the release of the hormones in the body such as norepinephrine, cortisol, and adrenaline from the autonomic nervous system hence causing PTSD. Guyton, et al. 2012 QUESTION 13 1. Select two causes of dissociative amnesia. A Sexual . abuse B Substance . abuse C Surgical pain . D Partner . betrayal Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation A and D Sexual abuse and Partner betrayal are the two causes of dissociate amnesia. Usually, overwhelming stress has been attributed to dissociative amnesia, which can be brought on by traumatic events such as injuries, war, violence, or natural disasters. The person may have been directly affected by the trauma or may have just witnessed it. There appears to be a hereditary link in dissociative amnesia, as close relatives often acquire the condition. In this case, sexual abuse and partner betrayal and directly related to emotional abuse. In multivariate hierarchical tests, emotional violence, like the sexual abuse, was the strongest and most direct indicator of dissociation, confounding the influence of other trauma forms. the degree to which one is abused by a caregiver or close relationship may have an impact on the essence of trauma and how one responds to it. According to BTT, this is closely related to psychogenic amnesia or other dissociative processes that arise as a way of maintaining a connection with the caregiver and promoting survival. References QUESTION 14 1. Select the population in which rumination disorder occurs most frequently. A Male infants aged 3 to 12 . months B Female infants 6 to 18 . months C Children aged 2 to 5 years . 1 points 1 points Answer: A . D Adolescents aged 13 to 15 . years Step-by-Step explanation According to studies, the prevalence of rumination disorder most often occurs in infants and very young children between 3 and 12 months and in children with intellectual disabilities. Typically, It is rare in older children, adolescents and adults. It may also occur slightly more often in boys than in girls but few studies of the disorder exist to confirm this. Thus, choice A with male infants aged 3- 12 months is the correct answer. Reference:   QUESTION 15 1. Select the symptom that is least associated with manic and hypomanic episodes. A Suicidal . ideation B Inflated self- . esteem C Distractibility . D Pressured . speech Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Hypomania and mania are periods of over-active and excited behaviour that can have a significant impact on day-to-day life. Both are symptom of bipolar disorder.The main difference between mania and hypomania is the intensity of the symptoms. Symptoms of mania are much more intense than those of hypomania. Among the given options, suicidal ideation is the least associated symptom. It can happen yes, but the 3 other choices are most common in hypomania and manic patients. QUESTION 16 1. Select the two comorbid disorders with which Pica occurs most commonly. A Enuresis . B Encopresis . C Autism . January 2021 1 points 1 points D Intellectual . disability Answer: C . and D . Step-by-Step explanation Answer: C and D - Autism and Intellectual disability According to the DSM-5, disorders most commonly comorbid with pica are disorders with impaired in functioning such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability, and to a lesser extent, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some other lesser known comorbidities are:  Trichotillomania/hair-pulling disorder  Excoriation/skin-picking disorder  avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder source:  American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Feeding and Easting disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).  QUESTION 17 1. Select the third most commonly reported psychiatric symptom. A Depression . B Anxiety . C Psychosis . D Depersonaliza . tion Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation Psychosis is a condition that affects the way your brain processes information. It causes you to lose touch with reality. You might see, hear, or believe things that aren't real. Common psychotic experiences include hallucinations (hearing, seeing or feeling things that are not there) and delusions (fixed false beliefs or suspicions that are firmly held even when there is evidence to the contrary). QUESTION 18 1. Select the characteristic in long sleepers (more than 9 hours) that is absent in short sleepers (less than 6 hours). A Mildly . depressed January 2021 1 points 1 points B Ambitious . C Socially . adept D Efficient . QUESTION 19 1. Select the two most common peripheral symptoms of anxiety. A Bradycar . dia B Dizziness . C Constipati . on D Tremors . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The two most common peripheral symptoms of anxiety are (1) Dizziness and (2) Constipation. It actually has a lot of distressing symptoms, but the above two are the most common among the choices provided. If you are experiencing anxiey, you will feel dizzy, would faint or you are unsteady. You will also eventually experience digestive discomfort like constipation or other digistive problems. QUESTION 20 1. Select the two methods to treat dissociative amnesia. A Antipsychotic . drugs B Cognitive . therapy C Hypnosis . D Psychoanalysis . Answer: For detailed solution Please see explanation part. If there is anything that I can help you please let me know in comments. Rating the answer helpful, is always appreciated. Thanks Correct Answer is Option B & Option C January 2021 1 points 1 points Step-by-Step explanation Treatment of dissociative amnesia (disorder) usually consists of psychotherapy, with the goal of helping the person integrate different identities, and to gain control over the dissociative process and symptoms. Therapy can be long and difficult, as it involves remembering and learning to deal with past trauma. Cognitive (that is, dealing with a patient's conscious intellectual activity) behavioral therapy has been found to be effective. Hypnosis may be another helpful treatment. A newer therapy called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) focuses specifically on the role that disturbing memories play in the development of mental disorders. QUESTION 21 1. Select the theorist who is credited with establishing the area of psychosomatic medicine. A Freud . B Abraha . m C Grodde . ck D Ferencz . i Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation Franz Gabriel Alexander (January 22, 1891 - March 8, 1964) was a Hungarian-American psychotherapist and physician who is credited with founding psychosomatic medicine and psychoanalytic criminology. Reference Lacan, J. (1950). A theoretical introduction to the functions of psychoanalysis in criminology. Écrits: The first complete edition in English, 103-122. QUESTION 22 1. Select the disorder in children and adolescents that is described by depressed or irritable mood for most of the day for a majority of days in at least one year. A Major . depression B Cyclothymia . C Bereavement . D Persistent . depression Correct Answer is Option B & Option C January 2021 1 points Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation Persistent depression disorder is an irritable mood that lasts for most of the day form more days than not for about one year. It leads to poor appetite or overeating. Insomnia or hypersomnia. It causes low energy or fatigue. It leads to low self- esteem, poor concentration and feelings of hopelessness. If one has persistent depression, he or she may find it hard to be upbeat even on happy occasions. They may have a gloomy personality, constantly complaining or incapable of having fun. It is usually not as severe as major depression, the depressed mood may be mild, moderate or severe. QUESTION 23 1. Select the type of dissociative amnesia described by inability to recall any events in a particular lifespan period. A Selective . B Localized . C Generaliz . ed D Continuo . us Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer would be letter C. Generalized Because in this type of dissociative amnesia, a person has inability to recall encompasses the person's entire life. This type of amnesia is rare and is characterized by total loss of memories related to one's past and identity. A person may not remember anything about life before a certain point, including where they have been, what they have done or said, or who they were with. A person may even may loss information about the world, history, or previously-held skills. Persons have a complete loss of memory of their entire life history like their own identity. Those who experience this type of amnesia deficits in both semantic and procedural knowledge. This means that people have no common knowledge of the world like cannot identify songs, the current president, or names of colors nor do they have the ability to engage in learned skills like typing shoes and driving car. The onset of generalized amnesia is typically acute. Reference: Leong S, Waits W, Diebold C (January 2006). "Dissociative Amnesia and DSM-IV-TR Cluster C Personality Traits". Psychiatry (Edgmont). 3 (1): 51-5. PMC . PMID January 2021 1 points QUESTION 24 1. Select the frequency range of heritability of bipolar disorder. A 60%- . 90% B 50%- . 80% C 30%- . 60% D10%-40% Answer: A. 60%-90% Step-by-Step explanation Bipolar disorders are 80% to greater than 90% heritable. Therefore, from the choices given 60% - 90% is the appropriate range. 1 points QUESTION 25 1. Select the two symptoms that result from prolonged sleep deprivation. A Ambition . B Hallucinati . ons C Contented . ness D Irritability . QUESTION 26 1. Select the most likely stressor to cause an adjustment disorder. A Medical . illness B Natural . disaster C Vehicle . accident D Substance 1 points January 2021 1 points 1 points . abuse Answer: A. Medical Illness Adjustment disorders are usually caused by significant stressors i one's life and I believe amongst the choices is an ongoing stress therefore has a higher chance to cause the adjustment disorder. QUESTION 27 1. Select the medical condition that must be excluded as a cause of somatic symptom disorder or hypochondriasis. A Angina . pectoris B Asthma