An Sci 200 Exam 1 Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions

types of crabs -stone -spiral -blue -horseshoe -fiddler most popular type of crab fiddler semi-terrestrial (crabs) will drown if submerged all time, carries its air down with its body crab mating males wave large red claws hermit crabs diet omnivorous (wood fiber) hermit crabs miscellaneous - shallow water dish - breathe with gills on land - need to provide shells setting up aquarium: liberal water surface gas exchange occurs at surface, needs to be specific area or volume setting up aquarium: enough light probably more important for our viewing, important if you have life plants setting up aquarium: right temperature tropical: 72-78F optimal for most goldfish: below 60F(cold water holds more oxygen than warm water) setting up aquarium: correct feeding feed what fish will eat in about 5 mins, juvenile fish eat more (feed too much=lots of waste) FLAWS feed, light, air, water, space/sanitation location -away from direct sunlight: algae -sturdy stand or table -not by heat source 3 types of filtration mechanical, chemical, biological mechanical filtration -gravel (1-2 lbs/gal) : under gravel filter -wood, floos, etc chemical filtration activated charcoal biological filtration bacteria: key to all filtration systems decorations (for fresh water) okay: glass, plastic, stainless steel, driftwood bad: coral, limestone, marble, metals what kind of water? -tap water best -water needs vary by species plants -live plants (with adequate light): add oxygen and remove some wastes -rotting plants (without adequate light): consume oxygen and add more wasteshow many fish? -one inch per gallon -3 square inches for small fish, 4-8 square inches for larger fish add cover to aquarium -avoid evaporation -avoid jumping out -avoid things getting in relatively little energy required for fish -streamlined movement -decreased need to overcome gravity -little lost heat to environment: heterothermic water quality -new tank shouldn't have nitrogen in it -add new fish -- nitrogen level increases -begin as ammonia, then nitrite, and then nitrate cleaning your aquarium -scavengers (snails, catfish, crayfish, etc) -partial water changes every 2 weeks (20-40% of water and use gravel vacuum) -scrape off algae -clean/change filters adding new fish -feed old fish first -float bag on top for 20-30 mins -put fish in marine aquarium pH pH very important: 8.0-8.3 -below 8.0: add sodium bicarbonate -use calcium carbonate sources: buffer against acids -fresh water typically 6-7 pH salinity -measure by density-measure with hydrometer -should be at 1.023 at 81F -35 ppt salt marine filtration -very susceptible to ammonia toxicity -usually need protein skimmers (remove foam from top) -use live rock and live sand (can buy cultured live rock) -may use UV or ozone sterilizers marine aquarium miscellaneous -even more important to avoid metals -water monitoring kits coral reef tanks -need strong lights (many coral have symbiotic relationship w algae) -some need wave motions source of nutrients -in wild- most animals would eat varied diet and get all needed nutrients -pets depend on us consumption -- digestion -- excretion -digestion -- heat : some animals don't actively keep heat up 6 basic nutrients -protein -fats -carbs -vitamins -minerals -water minerals that are source of energy -protein -fats-carbohydrates proteins -many kinds and functions -made up of amino acids: 20-30 important amino acids, 10-12 essential amino acids -requirement listed as % crude protein -need specific amino acids not protein -important for young growing animals -many protein sources -quality of protein is variable essential amino acids must be supplied in diet, not produced by animal characteristics of amino acids -R group dif in each amino acid -nitrogen present in H2N group (where nitrogen waste comes from) fat (fatty acids) -few are essential -delivery vehicle for fat-soluble vitamins -2.25 times more energy than carbs per unit fat deficiency poor skin, hair loss, uncontrolled NS, mortality sources of fat oils, fats, lard, tallow carbs (starches, sugars, cellulose, etc) -none technically essential -digestibility varies among species -common, inexpensive source of energy in most feeds : corn, rice, wheat energy supplied by: fats, carbs, proteins (mainly use fats and carbs) produced by: breaking C-H bonds