Chapter 2 - Anatomy and Physiology Test Questions And Answers

Cell - Fundamental unit of life Anatomy - Structure of body parts - their form and organizations Physiology - Function of the body parts Levels of organizations - -Cellular level -Tissue level -Organ level -System level Cellular level - Cells are the smallest and most numerous structural units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristic of life Tissue level - Group of great many similar cells that are developed together from the same part of thr embryo and are specialized to perform certain functions Organ level - Structure made up of several kinds of tissue that together performs a special function System level - Involves various numbers and kinds of organs that are arranged so that together they can perform complex functions for the body Fundamental of life - -Water -Food -Oxygen -Heat -Pressure -Alkaline ph environment Homeostasis - Tendency to maintain stable eternal environment Cell wall - Outer surface cell, protect cell from physical harm Cell membrane - -Outer boundary of cell -Consist of thin, continuous sheet of fatty molecules in which proteins are embedded - allows for food, nutrients, and wastes to be passed into and out of the cell Nuclear membrane - -Supports the nucleus -controls the passage of material between nucleus and cytoplasm Nucleus - -Center of cell -Contains genes, dna, chromosome -directs everyday cell life and reproduction Cytoplasm - -Food molecules are received, processed, and used. -functions as a communicative system through which molecules can be transported from one cell to another skeletal system - -bones -ligaments -cartilages bone marrow - red and white blood cells grow developed in the ____ osteoporosis - bones become fragile and more likely to break 206 bones - on average, there are ____ bones of varying shapes and sizes femur - long thigh bones humerus - upper arm bone metacarpals - hands bone metatarsals - foot bone examples of irregular bone - pelvis axial andn appendicular skeleton - the skeleton consists of an ____, and a ____. axial skeleton - bony and cartiliginous parts that support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk skull hyoid bone vertebral column thoracic cage - the parts of axial skeleton skull - cranium and facial bone. anvil - smallest bone in the middle ear hyoid bone - neck between the lower jaw and larnyx - it supports tongue and functions in swallowing vertebral column - 26 ring shaped vertebrae which are sparated by cartiliginous, intervertebral disks, the verteebral column consists of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine thoracic cage - sternum and 12 pairs of ribs - protects organs of the thorax (chest) and the upper abdomen appendicular skeleton - bones of the limbs, and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton pectoral girdle - formed by scapula and clavicle on each side of body - it connects the bones of the arms and aids in arm movement larnyx - the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box ligament - connective tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability to the joint cartilage - soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement. tendon - connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. bones of the upper limb - consist of humerus, radius, and ulna. pelvic girdle - connects bone of the legs to the axial skeleton with the sacrum and coccyx (tail bone), forms the pelvis, protects the lower abdominal and reproductive organs coccyx - tail bone