PATHO 370 Exam Questions With Answers | Latest Update 2023/2024 | West Coast University (GRADED)

A disease that is native to a particular region is called Selected Answer: a. endemic. Correct Answer: a. endemic. Response Feedback: A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that spreads to many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide.  Question 26 0.125 out of 0.125 points Carbon monoxide injures cells by Selected Answer: d. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. Correct Answer: d. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. Response Feedback: Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin preventing the red blood cell from carrying adequate oxygen, leading to hypoxic injury. Other chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride promote free radicals, which injure cells and destroy cellular membranes. Crystallization of cellular organelles is caused by hypothermia.  Question 27 0 out of 0.125 points Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene Selected Answer: b. is more common than non-inherited breast cancer. Correct Answer: a. occurs at an earlier age. Response Feedback: The age of onset of inherited breast cancer is earlier than the onset of non-inherited forms and the prevalence of bilateral breast cancer is higher. Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene is less common (only 5% to 10% of all cases) than non-inherited breast cancer and is more likely to be bilateral. Response to treatment is not affected by whether the cancer gene is present.  Question 28 0.125 out of 0.125 points Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is Selected Answer: c. calcium. Correct Answer: c. calcium. Response Feedback: Common paraneoplastic syndromes include hypercalcemia associated with abnormal production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells. Insulin is a general growth factor for a number of tissues and may be implicated in development of some cancers, but it is not a cause of paraneoplastic syndromes. Tumor necrosis factor is associated with cachexia in cancer, but it is not associated with paraneoplastic disorders of cancer. Potassium is not found in excess amounts in cancer.  Question 29 0 out of 0.125 points Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in Selected Answer: d. movement into the resistance stage. Correct Answer: b. permanent damage and death. Response Feedback: If the alarm stage were to persist, the body would soon suffer undue wear and tear and become subject to permanent damage and even death. Actions taken by the individual during the resistance stage lead to stress reduction. The resistance stage may or may not occur following the alarm stage, based on resource availability. The sympathetic nervous system will continue to function, resulting in continued release of stress hormones.  Question 30 0.125 out of 0.125 points The primary effect of aging on all body systems is Selected Answer: a. decreased functional reserve. Correct Answer: a. decreased functional reserve. Response Feedback: All body systems show age-related changes that can be generally described as a decrease in functional reserve; aging leads to inability to adapt to (internal and external) environmental changes. Not all effects of aging are considered disease; some are considered a normal part of aging. Programmed senescence is currently only a theory of aging that states cells have a preprogrammed number of cell divisions before they will die. Senility is an outdated term used to describe the cognitive changes associated with dementia; dementia is a disease and is not a normal part of aging.  Question 31 0.125 out of 0.125 points The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is Selected Answer: b. energy and repair. Correct Answer: b. energy and repair. Response Feedback: These resources are used for energy and as building blocks, especially the amino acids, for the later growth and repair of the organism. The substances do not produce a resting state. The substances can produce exhaustion if they continue, but that is not the adaptive purpose of these. Although a new baseline steady-state may result from the stress response that is not the adaptive purpose of the substances produced during the alarm stage.  Question 32 0 out of 0.125 points In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive. Selected Answer: b. True Correct Answer: a. False Response Feedback: The degree of tissue-specific differentiation predicts malignant potential. A lack of differentiated features in a cancer cell is called anaplasia, and a greater degree of anaplasia is correlated with a more aggressively malignant tumor.  Question 33 0.125 out of 0.125 points The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the Selected Answer: b. DNA. Correct Answer: b. DNA. Response Feedback: Cellular DNA is particularly susceptible to damage from radiation via breakage of the bonds holding the linear DNA together. Cell membranes, RNA, and ribosomes are not the most susceptible to radiation injury.  Question 34 0.125 out of 0.125 points All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except Selected Answer: b. necrosis. Correct Answer: b. necrosis. Response Feedback: Necrosis refers to death of cells/tissue and is not reversible. Metaplasia refers to the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another from persistent injury and is reversible when the injury stops. Atrophy occurs because of lack of use of an organ and is reversible. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation and is reversible.  Question 35 0.125 out of 0.125 points The effects of excessive cortisol production include Selected Answer: a. immune suppression. Correct Answer: a. immune suppression. Response Feedback: Cortisol suppresses immune function and inflammation and stimulates appetite. Cortisol leads to hyperglycemia by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver.  Question 36 0.125 out of 0.125 points C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is Selected Answer: b. streptococcal infection. Correct Answer: b. streptococcal infection. Response Feedback: Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to develop a disease. Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and is also a clinical manifestation of the disease process.  Question 37 0.125 out of 0.125 points The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is Selected Answer: b. dysplasia. Correct Answer: b. dysplasia. Response Feedback: Dysplastic cells have the potential to become cancerous and are therefore referred to as preneoplastic. Anaplasia, metaplasia, and hyperplasia are not considered preneoplastic.  Question 38 0.125 out of 0.125 points Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by Selected Answer: b. norepinephrine. Correct Answer: b. norepinephrine. Response Feedback: Norepinephrine is secreted in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas. ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland.  Question 39 0 out of 0.125 points Reperfusion injury to cells Selected Answer: d. results from calcium deficiency in cells. Correct Answer: b. involves formation of free radicals. Response Feedback: Free radicals are formed when high-energy electrons partially reduce oxygen in reperfusion injury. Reperfusion injury usually causes more cell damage than the original hypoxia. It results from calcium overload in the cells. Reperfusion injury results from hypoxic injury, rather than from nutritional injury.  Question 40 0.125 out of 0.125 points Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is Selected d. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to Answer: excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. Correct Answer: d. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. Response Feedback: Deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types such as in diabetes mellitus. Most of these essential nutrients must be obtained from external sources, because the cell is unable to manufacture them. Obesity involves an excess of caloric intake. The BMI is a measure for obesity, but does not indicate if a nutritional imbalance is present. Monday, November 5, 2018 6:10:22 PM PST  Question 1 0.125 out of 0.125 points Proto-oncogenes Selected Answer: c. are normal cellular genes that promote growth. Correct Answer: c. are normal cellular genes that promote growth. Response Feedback: Proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes that promote growth. Proto-oncogenes are not the same as oncogenes, which are mutant proto-oncogenes. They are different from tumor-suppressor genes and do not alter tumor-suppressor genes. Mutational events lead to oncogenes, a mutated proto-oncogene.  Question 2 0.125 out of 0.125 points Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except Selected Answer: c. pupil constriction. Correct Answer: c. pupil constriction. Response Feedback: Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines. Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur because of catecholamine release.  Question 3 0.125 out of 0.125 points The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of Selected Answer: d. tumor necrosis factor. Correct Answer: d. tumor necrosis factor. Response Feedback: Production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other immune cytokines is thought to be important in producing the hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in cancer. Angiogenesis is the development of new blood vessels to feed the tumor; it is not a cause of the hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer. Loss of ATP production and pain medications is not causes of the hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer.  Question 4 0.125 out of 0.125 points The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as Selected Answer: a. subclinical. Correct Answer: a. subclinical. Response Feedback: The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.  Question 5 0.125 out of 0.125 points A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? Selected Answer: a. “Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate.” Correct Answer: a. “Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate.” Response Feedback: Lung cancer has a 15% survival rate. Lung cancer is not always fatal, but is not highly curable at any stage of diagnosis. The death rate from lung cancer has increased dramatically.  Question 6 0.125 out of 0.125 points The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the Selected Answer: d. DNA. Correct Answer: d. DNA. Response Feedback: Cellular DNA is particularly susceptible to damage from radiation via breakage of the bonds holding the linear DNA together. Cell membranes, RNA, and ribosomes are not the most susceptible to radiation injury.  Question 7 0.125 out of 0.125 points All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except Selected Answer: c. necrosis. Correct Answer: c. necrosis. Response Feedback: Necrosis refers to death of cells/tissue and is not reversible. Metaplasia refers to the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another from persistent injury and is reversible when the injury stops. Atrophy occurs because of lack of use of an organ and is reversible. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation and is reversible.  Question 8 0.125 out of 0.125 points Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. Selected Answer: a. liquefactive Correct Answer: a. liquefactive Response Feedback: Liquefactive necrosis is produced when brain tissue dies, as it is rich in enzymes and has little connective tissue. Coagulative necrosis occurs from ischemic injury in any tissue. Caseous necrosis occurs in lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis. Fat necrosis occurs in adipose (fat) tissue.