Test Bank Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Edition Hall

Test Bank Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Edition Hall Chapter 1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” 1. The most abundant type of cell in the human body is which of the following? A. Neuron B. Epithelial cell C. Red blood cell D. White blood cell E. Vascular smooth muscle cell F. Skeletal muscle cell ANS: C 2. The most abundant substance in the human body and the approximate percentage of that substance in the body is which of the following? A. Protein, 30% B. Protein, 60% C. Water, 30% D. Water, 60% E. Carbohydrate, 30% F. Carbohydrate, 60% ANS: D 3. A large volume of blood is transfused to a person whose baroreceptor blood pressure control system is not functioning and arterial blood pressure rises from the normal level of 100 to 160 mm Hg. If the same volume of blood is infused into the same person when the baroreceptor system is functioning and this time the arterial pressure increases from the normal level from 100 mm Hg up to 120 mm Hg, calculate the gain of the baroreceptor system in this person. A. -3 B. -2 C. -1 D. 0 E. +1 F. +2 G. +3 ANS: B 4. Which of the following substances has the highest extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid concentration ratio for most mammalian cells? A. Sodium ions B. Potassium ions C. Carbon dioxide D. Glucose 1E. Protei n ANS: A 5. Exchange of substances between the cardiovascular system and the interstitial fluid occurs mainly in which of the following? A. Arteries B. Arterioles C. Capillaries D. Venules E. Vein s ANS: C 6. Which of the following is the approximate distance from the capillaries to most cells of the body? A. Less than 50 angstroms B. Less than 50 microns C. Less than 50 millimeters D. Less than 100 angstroms E. Less than 100 microns F. Less than 100 millimeters ANS: A 7. When a person is at rest, how much time is required for the blood in the circulation to traverse the entire circulatory circuit? A. 1 second B. 1 minute C. 3 minutes D. 4 minutes E. 5 minutes ANS: B 8. feedback is often referred to as a "vicious cycle" because it leads to instability and sometimes death. A. Postitive, progressive B. Positive, diminished C. Negative, progressive D. Negative, diminished E. Adaptive, progressive ANS: A 9. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the body? 2A. Clotting of blood B. Return of blood pressure toward normal after a hemorrhage C. Increased respiration rate caused by accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood D. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity that occurs in response to increased blood pressure ANS: A Chapter 2. The Cell and Its Functions Test Bank Refer to the following list to answer questions 1-3: A. Nucleolus B. Nucleus C. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum D. Granular endoplasmic reticulum E. Golgi apparatus F. Endosomes G. Peroxisomes H. Lysosomes I. Cytosol Identify the cellular location for each of the following steps involved in the synthesis and packaging of a secreted protein. Initiation of translation. ANS: I Protein sorting and packaging. ANS: E Gene transcription. ANS: B 4. Which of the following is true for both pinocytosis and phagocytosis? A. Involves the recruitment of actin filaments B. Occurs spontaneously and non-selectively 3C. Permits the uptake of bacterium into the cytosol D. Is only observed in macrophages and neutrophils E. Does not require ATP ANS: A 5. The cell membrane is LEAST permeable to which of the following? A. Sodium B. Oxygen C. Ethanol D. Carbon Dioxide E. Wate r ANS: A 6. The term “glycocalyx” refers to: A. The negatively charged carbohydrate chains that protrude into the cytosol from glycolipids and integral glycoproteins B. The negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell surface C. The layer of anions aligned on the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane D. The large glycogen stores found in “fast” muscles E. A mechanism of cell-cell attachment ANS: B 7. Proteins are sorted for their delivery to lysosomes, secretory vesicles and the plasma membrane in the: A. Golgi apparatus B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. nucleus D. endocytotic vesicle ANS: A 8. Ubiquinone, an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation), is found in the: A. Inner mitochondrial membrane B. Mitochondrial matrix C. Outer mitochondrial membrane D. Nucleu s ANS: A 9. The citric acid cycle or Kreb’s cycle, takes place in the: A. Mitochondrial matrix B. Inner mitochondrial membrane 4C. Outer mitochondrial membrane D. Inner mitochondrial space ANS: A 10. Which of the following processes is NOT ATP-dependent? A. Ciliary movement B. Positive chemotaxis C. Movement of carbon dioxide across a lipid bilayer D. Endocytosis E. Smooth muscle contraction ANS: C 11. This cytoskeletal element plays a role in certain forms of cell movement and is an essential component of the mitotic spindle: A. Phospholipids B. Glycocalyx C. F-actin D. Microtubules E. Clathri n ANS: D 12. Lipid synthesis occurs in the: A. Trans-Golgi network B. Granular or “rough” endoplasmic reticulum C. Agranular or “smooth” endoplasmic reticulum D. Nucleus E. Lysosom e ANS: C 13. This cytoskeletal element plays a role in certain forms of cell movement and is an essential component of the mitotic spindle: A. Phospholipids B. Glycocalyx C. F-actin D. Microtubules E. Clathrin ANS: D 14. The abnormal cleavage of mannose residues during the post-translational processing of glycoproteins has been shown to result in the development of a lupus-like autoimmune disease in mice. The abnormal cleavage is due to a mutation of the 5enzyme -mannosidase II. Based on your understanding of the processing of membrane proteins, you would predict this enzyme to be localized to the: A. Nucleus B. Cytosol C. Golgi apparatus D. Lysosomes E. Peroxisome s ANS: C 15. The observation that abnormal cleavage of mannose residues from glycoproteins causes an autoimmune disease in mice is most consistent with the role of which of the following structures in the normal immune response? A. Cytoskeleton B. Glycocalyx C. Peroxisomes D. Lysosomes E. Microtubule s ANS: B 16. A pure phospholipid bilayer is most permeable to: A. Sodium B. Calcium C. Chloride D. Water E. Oxyge n ANS: E Chapter 3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, cell function, and cell reproduction Test Bank 1. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is characterized by the deletion of a DNA sequence on chromosome 4q35. This deletion correlates with both the inability of a specific protein complex to bind to the DNA and an overexpression of the genes upstream of the deletion. The sequence deleted in FSHD most likely functions normally as: A. An activator protein B. A repressor protein C. An activator element D. A repressor element 6E. A promoter sequence ANS: D 2. In comparing two cell types from the same person (e.g. a neuron and an epithelial cell) the variation in their proteomes, or the proteins expressed by each cell type, reflects: A. Differences in the DNA contained in the nucleus of each cell B. Variation in the numbers of copies of specific genes in their respective genomes C. Cell-dependent expression and/or repression of specific genes D. Differences in the number of chromosomes in each cell E. The loss of genes from each genome over time ANS: C 3. Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events that occur during the synthesis and packaging of a secreted protein? A. The gene is transcribed in the cytosol; mRNA is translated by ribosomes bound to “rough” endoplasmic reticulum; the protein is packaged for secretion in the trans- Golgi network B. The gene is transcribed in the nucleus; RNA polymerase binds to the start codon; the protein is packaged for secretion in the trans-Golgi network C. Translation is initiated in the cytosol; the protein is carried in membrane-bound vesicles to the cis-Golgi apparatus; the protein is packaged for secretion in the trans- Golgi network D +. Translation is initiated in the cytosol; new polypeptide is co-transported with across the outer ER membrane; the protein is glycosylated in the Golgi apparatus Na E. Translation is initiated by small ribosomal subunits anchored to the ER membrane; protein is glycosylated in the Golgi apparatus; the protein is packaged into lysosomes ANS: C 4. Which of the following does NOT play a direct role in the process of transcription? A. Helicase B. RNA polymerase C. A chain terminating sequence D. “Activated” RNA molecules E. A promoter sequence ANS: A 5. “Redundancy” or “degeneration” of the genetic code occurs during which of the following steps of protein synthesis? 7A. DNA replication B. Transcription C. Post-transcriptional modification D. Translation E. Protein glycosylation ANS: B 6. Which of the following bases is NOT present in RNA? A. Cytosine B. Thymine C. Adenine D. Guanin e ANS: B 7. The process of translation takes place: A. In the cytosol and on the surface of the “rough” endoplasmic reticulum B. In the nucleus and on the surface of the “rough” endoplasmic reticulum C. In the cytosol and the trans-Golgi network (TGN) D. In the nucleus and on the outer mitochondrial membrane ANS: A 8. Which of the following statements about translation is NOT true? A. Multiple ribosomes can simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule B. Each codon codes for one amino acid C. One mRNA molecule can code for multiple proteins, depending on which start codon is recognized by the small ribosomal subunit D. Translation is terminated when the release factor binds to the stop codon ANS: C 9. The following statements accurately describe the process of DNA replication EXCEPT: A. The entire genome is replicated only once per cell cycle B. It occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle C. Nucleotides are incorporated into the growing DNA strand at the 3’ end D. DNA “proofreading” is performed by DNA polymerase ANS: C 10. The mechanism by which allolactose regulates the transcription of the beta- galactosidase gene is best described as: A. De-repression 8B. Repression C. Activation D. Negative feedback E. Positive feedback ANS: A 11. Which of the following does NOT occur during the process of mitosis? A. Replication of the genome B. Condensation of the chromosomes C. Fragmentation of the nuclear envelope D. Alignment of the chromatids along the equatorial plate E. Separation of the chromatids into two sets of 46 “daughter” chromosomes ANS: A 12. “Redundancy” or “degeneration” of the genetic code occurs during which of the following steps of protein synthesis: A. DNA replication B. Transcription C. Post-transcriptional modification D. Translation E. Protein glycosylation ANS: B 13. The appearance of which of the following distinguishes eukaryotic cells from lower units of life like bacteria and viruses? A. DNA B. RNA C. Membranes D. Protein E. Nucleu s ANS: E Chapter 4. Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes Test Bank 1. An artificial membrane is created consisting of a lipid bilayer without protein molecules in the membrane. The lipid composition of the membrane is essentially the same as that of a normal, biological membrane. Which of the following substances permeates the membrane more readily than water molecules? 9A. Carbon Dioxide B. Glucose C. Glycerol D. Sodium E. Ure a ANS: A 2. A cell is equilibrated in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L sodium chloride. Which of the following best describes what will happen to cell volume when the cell is placed in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L calcium chloride? A. Decrease B. Decrease and then increase C. Increase D. Increase and then decrease E. No change ANS: E -4 3. The intracellular calcium ion concentration of ventricular muscle cells averages 10 mmol/L during diastole. The calcium ion concentration in transverse tubules (T- tubules) averages 2.5 mmol/L at rest. A protein transporter on the membrane of the T-tubule exchanges sodium for calcium. The transporter uses the transmembrane sodium gradient to fuel the exchange. Which of the following transport mechanisms best describes this type of transporter? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Primary active transport C. Secondary active co-transport D. Secondary active counter-transport E. Simple diffusion ANS: D 4. Human red blood cells (RBCs) and rabbit RBCs are equilibrated in separate solutions of isotonic saline (300 mOsm/L NaCl). The human RBCs are then placed in a solution of 300 mOsm/L glycerol, which causes them to swell and burst. However, rabbit RBCs placed in 300 mOsm/L glycerol neither swell nor shrink. Based on this information, which of the following can be concluded about a 300 mOsm/L solution of glycerol for the different cell types? Human RBCs Rabbit RBCs A. Hypertonic and hyperosmotic B. Hypotonic and hypoosmotic C. Hypotonic and isoosmotic D. Isotonic and hypoosmotic E. Isotonic and isoosmotic Hypotonic and hypoosmotic Hypertonic and hyperosmotic Isotonic and isoosmotic Isotonic and hyperosmotic Hypotonic and isoosmotic 10F. Isotonic and hyperosmotic Isotonic and isoosmotic ANS: C 5. The molarity of a 2% solution of NaCl is 340 mmol/L. The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.5. What is the osmolarity of a 2% solution of NaCl (in mOsm/L)? A. 170 B. 340 C. 510 D. 680 ANS: D 6. Secondary active transport typically moves which of the following substances against a concentration gradient? Glucose Amino acids Sodium ions A. No B. No C. Yes D. Yes E. Yes ANS: D 7. Which of the following transport mechanisms can move sodium ions across a cell membrane? Primary active Secondary active No No Yes Yes Yes ANS: E 8. The diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a change in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in a 150 mmol/L solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) at time zero. Which curve best illustrates the volume change caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous solution of 300 mOsm/L calcium chloride (CaCl2)? ANS: C 9. The diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a 11 Simple transport transport diffusion No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yeschange in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in a 150 mmol/L solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) at time zero. Which curve best illustrates the volume change caused by immersion of the cell in an aqueous solution of 200 mOsm/L NaCl and 200 mOsm/L glycerol? ANS: B 10. Which of the following pairs of aqueous solutions will exert equal osmotic pressures across a normal cell membrane after steady-state conditions have been established? Solution A Solution B A. 10% albumin B. 100 mmol/L NaCl C. 300 mOsm/L glucose D. 300 mOsm/L glycerol E. 300 mOsm/L glycerol urea ANS: E 11. Two compartments (X and Y) are separated by a typical biological membrane (i.e., lipid bilayer). The concentrations of a permeant solute (i.e., urea) at time zero are shown. Which of the drawings below represents the volumes of X and Y when the system reaches equilibrium? 10% IgG 200 mmol/L CaCl2 300 mOsm/L urea 300 mOsm/L NaCl 300 mOsm/L ANS: A 12. The diagram illustrates possible changes in red blood cell volume resulting from a change in extracellular fluid composition for a cell equilibrated in 150 mmol/L NaCl