Summary Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence - The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Rational Agent - Within artificial intelligence, a __________ is one that maximizes its expected utility, given its current knowledge. Turing Test - This was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence. Natural Language Processing - A field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages. Intelligent Agent - An autonomous entity which observes through sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators and directs its activity towards achieving goals. Knowledge Representation (KR) - Translation of information into symbols to facilitate inferencing from those information elements, and the creation of new elements of information. Automated Reasoning - An area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understand different aspects of thinking. Machine Learning - A scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases. Computer Vision - A field that includes methods for acquiring, processing, analysing, and understanding images and, in general, high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information. Robotics - The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of autonomous machines and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing Cognitive Science - The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science brings together computer models from AI and experimental techniques from psychology to construct precise and testable theories of the human mind. Syllogisms - Provides patterns for argument structures that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises—for example, "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal.", Logic - The philosophical study of valid reasoning and examines general forms that arguments may take, which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. Logicism - One of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic. Agent - These are expected to: operate autonomously, perceive their environment, persist over a prolonged time period, adapt to change, and create and pursue goals. Rational Agent - An agent that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome. Bounded Rationality - The idea that in decision-making, rationality of individuals is only based on the information they have, the cognitive quality of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision. Rationalism - Descartes was a strong advocate of the power of reasoning in understanding the world, a philosophy now called _________, and one that counts Aristotle and Leibnitz as members. Dualism - In addition to rationalism, Descartes was also a proponent of __________. He held that there is a part of the human mind (or soul or spirit) that is outside of nature, exempt from physical laws.