SLP Praxis Exam With Complete Solution

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? - Answer Sensorimotor (0-2) Preoperational (2-7) Concrete (7-11) Formal (11+) What are the muscles involved in inspiration? - Answer Diaphragm External intercostal muscles: raise the ribs up and out Serratus posterior superior: elevates rib cage Levator costarum brevis: elevates rib cage Levator costarum logies: elevates rib cage What are the muscles involved in expiration? - Answer Internal intercostal muscles Latissimus dorsi Rectum abdominis Transverse abdominis Internal oblique abdominal Quadrates lumborum What structures are involved in respiration? - Answer Lungs Bronchi Trachea Spinal column Sternum: manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process Rib cage What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory? - Answer It's a theory of phonation. VF closure - build up of sub glottal air pressure - pressure blows the folds apart - folds vibrate - air moves through glottal opening, decreasing pressure - folds sucked back together. What are the laryngeal cartilages? - Answer Hyoid bone Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoids CorniculatesDiscuss the vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds and ventricular folds. - Answer Vocal folds: They have three layers Epithelium: the outer cover. Lamina propia: the middle. Vocalis muscle: the body Aryepiglottic folds: They go from arytenoids to larynx. Help preserve airway. Ventricular folds: Sometimes vibrate with low frequencies. What are the intrinsic muscles involved in phonation? - Answer internal thyroarytenoid: it's the primary portion of thryoarynteoid muscles. it vibrates and produces sounds. cricothyroid: lengthens and tenses vocal folds. oblique and transverse arytenoid: contract and pull arynteoids together for adduction. posterior cricoarynteoid: abducts lateral cricoarytenoid: adducts What are the extrinsic muscles involved in phonation? - Answer Elevators: Digastric Geniohyoid Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Hyoglossus Genioglossus Depressors: Thyrohyoid Omohyoid Sternothryoid Sternohyoid How many/what type of teeth do we have? - Answer 32 teeth: 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolar and 6 molar What are the parts of the tongue? - Answer tip, blade, dorsum, root and lingual frenulum. What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? - Answer All innervated by CN 12 Superior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip upward.Inferior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip downward. Transverse muscle: elongates tongue Vertical muscle: narrows tongue What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? - Answer All innervated by CN 12 Genioglossus: forms bulk of tongue. retracts, draws tongue downward Styloglossus: draws tongue up and back Hyoglossus: retracts and depresses tongue Chondroglossus: depresses tongue Palatoglossus: elevates tongue and depresses velum What are the muscles of the pharynx? - Answer salpingopharyngeus: elevates laryngeal wall stylopharyngeus: elevates and opens pharynx superior pharyngeal constrictor: pulls wall forward middle pharyngeal constrictor: narrows diameter or pharynx inferior pharyngeal constrictor: constricts office of esophagus and reduces diameter of pharynx What are the muscles of the soft palate? - Answer levator veli palatini: elevates velum tensor veli palatini: tenses velum palatoglossus: elevates and depresses velum palatopharyngeus: lowers velum What are the structures of the hard palate? - Answer Pre maxilla Palatine process What are the muscles of the mandible? - Answer Elevators: Masseter Temporalis Pterygoid Depressors: Digastric Geniohyoid Mylohyoid