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Exam (elaborations)

Basic Mathematics Course Guide Full Course 2023.

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BASIC MATHEMATICS COURSE GUIDE FULL COURSE 2023.

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Contents

About the Author vi

Preface vii

Goals of a Basic Mathematics Course ix

1 ELEMENTARY SET THEORY 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Rudiments of Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Notation and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Fundamental Operations on Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Laws of Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 Venn Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 Elements Argument Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Fundamental Counting Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.1 Counting and Venn Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.5 Real Number Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5.1 Some Useful subsets of Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5.2 Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6 Application of Laws of Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.8 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.8.1 Arithmetic Operations of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.8.2 The Complex Plane or The Argand Diagram or The Gauss Plane 41
1.8.3 Conjugates, Absolute Values and Arguments of Complex Numbers 41

ii

, 1.8.4 Polar Form of a Complex Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.8.5 De Movrie’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.8.6 Application of Polar Form in Computing Products and Quotients
of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2 ELEMENTARY LOGIC 50
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2 Mathematical Reasoning and Creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3 propositional Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.1 Propositions and Truth Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.2 Logical Connectives and Truth Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.3 Tautologies and Contradictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.3.4 Logical Equivalence and Logical Implication . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.5 The Algebra of Logical Equivalence of Propositions . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.6 Relationship between Converse, Inverse and the Contrapositive of
a Conditional Proposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.4 Predicate Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.4.1 Universal Quantifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.4.2 Existential Quantifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.4.3 Negation of a Quantified Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.5 Application of Logic In Mathematical Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.5.1 Proof by a Counter-example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.5.2 Direct Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.5.3 Proof by Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.5.4 Proof by the Contrapositive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5.5 Proof by Contradiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5.6 Proof by Mathematical Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.6 Applications of Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70




iii

,3 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 73
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2 Basic Counting Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3 Permutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.1 General Formula for P (n, r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.3.2 Permutations of Repeated Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4 Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4.1 Comparing Combinations and Permutations . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4.2 Combinations with Repetition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5 Problems involving Both Permutations and Combinations . . . . . . . . . 81
3.6 Applications of Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.6.1 Binomial Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 87
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2 Cartesian Products and Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.1 Relations on a Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3 Properties of Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4 Combining Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.5 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.6 Types of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.6.1 One-to-one Functions and Many-to-one Functions . . . . . . . . . 95
4.6.2 Onto Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.6.3 Bijective Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.7 Composition and Inverses of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.7.1 Composition of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.7.2 Inverse of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.7.3 The Vertical Line Test for a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.8 Some Special Real Valued Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.9 Some Classification of Real Valued Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.9.1 Even Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105


iv

, 4.9.2 Odd Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.9.3 Functions which are Neither Even nor Odd . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.9.4 Algebraic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.9.5 Irrational Functions and Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.10 Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.11 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

5 TRIGONOMETRY 110
5.1 Radian and Degree Measure of an Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.2 Trigonometric Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.3 Trigonometric Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3.1 Cofunction Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3.2 Pythagorean Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3.3 Sum and Difference Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.3.4 Double-Angle Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.5 Half-Angle Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4 Proving Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.5 Solving Trigonometric Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Bibliography 125




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