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Samenvatting - HNH28305 Metabolic Aspects of Nutrition

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Samenvatting/ aantekeningen van het volledige vak metabolic aspects of nutrition. Uitgebreide samenvatting met uitleg van moeilijke principes. Voornamelijk in het Engels maar ook stukjes in het Nederlands

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July 18, 2023
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METABOLIC ASPECTS OF NUTRITION
Week 1
□ College 1: introductiecollege/ de basis; nutriënten, opname, vertering 1
□ College 2: de basis; nutriënten, opname, vertering 2
□ College 3: voedingsnormen, water
Week 2
□ College 4: micronutriënten; mineralen
□ Tutorial 1: nutriëntabsorptie en vochtbalans
□ College 5: micronutriënten; vitaminen 1
Week 3
□ College 6: micronutriënten; vitaminen 2
□ Tutorial 2: mineralen & vitaminen 1
□ College 7: metabolisme 1
Week 4
□ College 8: metabolisme 2
□ Tutorial 3: vitaminen 2
□ College 9: metabolisme 3
□ College 10: geïntegreerd metabolisme 1
Week 5
□ College 11: geïntegreerd metabolisme 2
□ Tutorial 4: metabolisme
□ College 12: geïntegreerd metabolisme 3
□ College 13: voeding-genoominteracties 1
Week 6
□ College 14: voeding-genoominteracties 2
□ College 15: voedingsonderzoek in de praktijk
□ Deadline: schrijfopdracht
MOOCs

□ Module 1
□ Module 2
□ Module 3
□ Module 4

,COLLEGE 1
VERTERING EN OPNAME VAN NUTRIËNTEN DEEL 1


Macro: lichaam heeft in grote hoeveelheden nodig
Micro: lichaam heeft in kleine mate nodig


Darm
Dunne darm
 Cirkelvormige plooien/ kleppen van Kerckring
 Villi
 Microvilli
 Glycocalix
o Brush border: microvilli + glycocalyx
 Crypten van Lieberkühn: plek waar darmcellen worden gemaakt
o Diep in darmwand: cellen beschermd tegen schadelijke stoffen
o Mitose: stamcellen  darmcellen
 Duodenum  jejunum  ileum
Enterocyten
 Gepolariseerde cellen: 2 domeinen
 Apical domain: enzymen voor opname en vertering
 Latero-basal domain: maakt contact met bijv. bloedvaten
  ondoordringbare laag voor bacteriën
o Dmv: tight junctions, adherent junctions, desmosomen
Celtypen
 Microvilli
 Goblet cell: mucus afigte
 Enteroendocrine cell: hormoon afgifte
 Paneth cell: anti-bacteriële cellen afgifte


Alvleesklier
 Productie verteringsenzymen en natrium bicarbonaat (neutraliseert pH)
 Controle metabolisme (glucagon, insuline)
 Acinaire cellen: enzym afgifte in isotonische NaCl opl.
 Duct cellen: isotonische NaHCO3 opl.
 Alvleeskliersap: 1-2 L/dag, basisch (HCO3), verteringsenzymen


Galblaas
Gal
 Productie in levercellen, opslag in galblaas
 Galzouten worden efficiënt gereabsorbeerd (in ileum): enterohepatische cyclus
o Natrium symport
Cholesterol:
 Alleen afgifte door gal
 Als cholesterol of als galzouten
Primaire mechanismen nutrient opname

, 1. Diffusie
2. Gefaciliteerde diffusie
3. Actief transport: primaire: ATP, secundaire: Na+
4. Pinocytose: membraan neemt stof op


Vertering en opname eiwitten
Maag
 Maagzuur:
o Denaturatie (uitscheiding door pariëtale cellen)
 Protease
o Pepsine (uitscheiding door chief cellen als pepsinogeen)

Dunne darm

 Proteasen
o Pancreatische proteasen
o Brush-border proteasen op enterocyten
 Vooral opname als di- en tripeptiden (80%) (20% aminozuren (afbraak naar aminozuren in darmcellen))

Absorptie aminozuren
 Verschillende transporteiwitten
 Transporters hebben
o Stereospecifiek (L-aminozuren)
o Substraat specifiek
o Overlap in specificiteit (multiple transporters per aminozuur
 Mechanisme
o Gefaciliteerde diffusie
o Secundair actief transport (NatriumKalium pomp, ATP, co-transport)
 Efficientie: 95-99%
o 30-35% als aminozuur
o 70% di- en tripeptides

, COLLEGE 2
VERTERING EN OPNAME VAN NUTRIËNTEN – DEEL 2


Protein digestion & absorption
Stomach:
 Gastric acid: denaturation (parietal cells)
 Protease: pepsin (chief cells: pepsinogen)
Small intestine
 Protease: pancreatic protease
 Brush-border protease (on enterocytes)
Peptidase on brush border: protein  di- & tripeptides
PEPT1 = peptide transport protein
 Low affinity: most di- & tripeptides can be transported
 Broad substrate specificity
 Secondary active transport (H+ influx, H+ exchange with Na+)
o Also Na/K pump to produce ATP in cell (Na+/K+-ATPase)
 Facilitated transport (cotransport)
Efficient absorption: 95-99%, 30-35% AA, 70% di- & tripeptides
Summary:
1. Brush-border membrane peptidase: protein  AA / di/tri-peptides
2. Brush-border membrane amino acid transporters
3. Brush-border membrane di- and tripeptide transporters
4. Intracellular peptidases: peptides  AA
5. Basolateral-membrane amino acid carriers: AA (lumen  blood)
6. Basolateral-membrane di- and tripeptides carriers
AA supplements
AA slower absorbed than di- & tripeptides
Toxicity: tryptophane


Branched carbohydrates are digested faster: digestion enzymes have more endings where digestion can be started
Normally lactase disappears over time, Western countries highly mutated, still having lactase as adults
 Lactose intolerance
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