Antibiotic Classes with Additional Terms

penicilins - Description: Aminopenicillonic acid derivatives; B lactam ring Mode of Action: Prevents cell wall formation Examples: Penicillin, Ampicillin Resistance: Inactivation. Spectrum: Limited action against G -, semisynthetics broader Clinical: Allergic reactions. cephalosporins - Mode of Action: inhibit cell wall synthesis; Spectrum: broad spectrum of activity; they contain a β-lactam ring, but are not subject to degradation by penicillinase; Clinical: they can be given to some patients with penicillin allergies; Examples: they include cephalothin, cefoxitin, and ceftriazone aminoglycosides - Description: Amino sugar linked to cyclohexane ring Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synth. act through interference with 30S Examples: Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin Resistance: Inactivation. Spectrum: Broad Clinical: Deliver via IV, toxic to kidneys or auditory nerves tetracycline - Description: Four ring structure with side chains Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synth. Examples: chlortetracycline, doxycycline Resistance: Decreased permeability; antibiotic pumped out. EFLUX PUMP Spectrum: Most broad and also effective against bacteria lacking cell walls Clinical: Nausea, diarrhea, sensitivity to light, complexes with calcium. macrolides - Description: 12-22 C lactone ring Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synth. inhibit peptide chain elongation by binding rRNA Examples: Erythromycin, Clindamycin Spectrum: Gram + and few G- Clinical: Nausea, mild GI pain, vomiting cloroamphenicol - Description: p-nitrophenyl acetamide Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synth. Examples: Chloramphenicol Resistance: Inactivation Spectrum: Broad but only used against typhoid fever Clinical: Traverses blood-brain barrier, 1 of 24,000 suffer aplastic anemia, can cause neurologic damage sulfonamides - Description: p-Aminobenzoic acid analog Mode of Action: Inhibits DNA replication; blocks folic acid metabolism in bacteria Examples: Sulfisoxazole, Sulfmethoxazole Resistance: Permeability altered, alternate enzyme manufactured. Spectrum: Broad Clinical: quinolones - Description: 4 quinolone ring structure Mode of Action: Inhibit DNA replication DNA gyrase or topoisomerase II Examples: Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin Resistance: Target Altered. Spectrum: broad Clinical: wide range of infection Beta-lactams - inhibit the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall; used with beta-lactamase inhibitors; time dependent killing; include penicillin, cephalasporines, carbapenems, monobactams Penicillin (PCN) - (beta-lactam subclass) derived from mold; our subgrouped based on structure and spectrum of bacteria killed; bactericidal antibiotics Inhibits cell wall synthesis. Types of PCN (4) - natural PCN, PCN-ase resistant PCN, aminoPCN, extended-spectrum PCN What are some things that penicillin treat? - Hospital-associated infections, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, and sepsis.