FTCE K-6 Elementary Education

FTCE K-6 Elementary Education Developmental Stages of Writing Pre-writing, drafting, revising, editing, publishing Diagnostic Assessment Standardized tests (assessments) that aim to determine a student's strengths and weaknesses Semantic Cuing System focuses on any meaning a student derives from a sentence based on prior knowledge (does this sentence make sense or not?) Editing Proofreading the draft for misspelled words, grammatical & mechanical errors. Focus is on mechanics. Publishing Sharing the final product with an audience Talking to the text Strategy known as "a think aloud" Historical Fiction Realistic stories that are set in the past Print Conveys meaning Informal Assessment Assessments include but are not limited to: cloze tests, running records, anecdotal notes, rubrics, portfolios, informal reading inventories Biography Stories that tell about a person's life Aesthetic Listening Listening that is performed for enjoyment and pleasure Partial Alphabetic Letter is associated with sound at this stage Pre-Alphabetic Relies on visual cues to help read words. Usually pre-k stage. (ex.- knowing McDonald's b/c of the golden arches) Fantasy Stories that cannot happen in the real world Fluency Ability to read quickly, accurately and with proper expression Graphophonemic Cuing System Focuses on various visual cues & knowledge about the relationship between sounds & symbols. "Does this look right?" Hint: "graphic" Primary Sources A document or piece of work that was written, recorded or created during a particular time period. Examples: photos, speeches, interviews, diaries, videos, audio Visual Media Also known as print media. Examples: video, t.v., radio Artifacts Real objects, usually representative of a particular culture or event Visual Is related to the "look" of the letter in a word and the word itself. Used by a reader when he studies the beginning sound, word length, word chunks, etc. Part of the graphophonemic cuing system. Phonological Awareness Includes ability of a student to identify & manipulate large parts of spoken language & awareness of other aspects of sound in language. Examples: alliteration, intonation, rhyming. Concepts of Print Examples of letters, words, directionality, punctuation Creative Writing Writing that uses the writer's imagination Rubric A set of scoring guidelines or criteria for evaluating student work. Often provide specific guidelines regarding teacher expectations. Errors These are tallied during a reading whenever a child does any of the following: substitutes words, omits words, inserts a word, has to be told the word. Science Fiction Stories that might happen in the future Text to world Implies that reader has made a connection from the reading to a topic or event that is taking place in the world. Poetry Writing that contains short lines, imagery, & elements of sound 3 main cuing systems Semantic, Syntactic, Graphophonemic Literary Elements Setting, characters, plot, theme, style Analogy Detailed & sometimes lengthy comparison or 2 ideas or events Text to Self This connection implies that the reader has made a connection between the reading & their personal lives Directionality Top to bottom; left to right Literature Circles A small, temporary, heterogeneous group of students that gather together to discuss a book of their choice with the goal of enhancing comprehension Prosody Ability to read with appropriate rhythm, intonation, and expression Summarizing Simply & concisely paraphrasing what has been read Components of Reading Fluency AARP; accuracy, automacity, rate, prosody Internet A communication system that connects computers & their networks all over the world Phonics The knowledge allows a reader to "decode" words by translating the letters into speech sounds Oral Language Development Use these activities to help facilitate: whole group, small group, 1:1, discussions, read alouds, echo readings, songs, nursery rhymes, role play, drama, finger plays Fluency Checks Quick assessments that focus on accuracy, rate & prosody. Meaning Part of the semantic cuing system in which a child takes her to cue to make sense or text by thinking about the story background, info from pictures, or meaning of a sentence Narrative Writing Writing that recounts a personal or fictional experience or tells a story based on a real or imagined event Realistic Fiction Stories focusing on events that could happen in the "real" world Emergent Literacy During this stage of literacy, children are exposed to the structure or syntax of language & encouraged to predict what text is about Letter formation Four basic strokes: circles, horizontal lines, vertical lines, slant lines Penmanship Refers to the quality or style of one's handwriting Emergent Literacy Defined as the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to conventional forms of reading & writing Progress Monitoring Instrument used throughout the year to show gains in reading achievement and to provide information to the teacher that will help guide instruction Anecdotal Notes Short, concise written observations made by the teacher while students work. The purpose is to observe & record information Screening Used to assess students at the beginning of the year to identify the student's reading level and capabilities Informal Reading Inventories Individual tests that genetically include lists of words or sentences & leveled reading passages with accompanying questions. These are used to identify appropriate reading levels. Graphic and Semantic Organizers Used by teachers & students to highlight BIG ideas & facilitate connections Text to Text Connection implies that reader has made a connection from the reading of one book to another book with similar style, theme or topic. Vocabulary Includes all the words the reader can understand and use Comprehension The ability to understand what one has read. It includes: recognizing main idea, understanding plot, ability to compare/contrast Expository Writing that gives information, explains why or how, clarifies a process or defines a concept Spacing This should be consistent between letters, words, and sentences Simile Comparison using "like" or "as" Climax Point of highest dramatic interest or the turning point in a story Personification Assigning human qualities to non living objects Persuasive Writing Writing that attempts to convince the reader that a point of view is valid or that the reader should take a specific action Descriptive Writing Writing that attempts to "paint" a picture, or "describe" a person, place, thing or idea Automaticity Ability to instantly recognize a large bank or words to quickly decode unfamiliar words Onomatopoeia Words that use sound to reinforce meaning. Examples: smash, bang, boom Hyperbole An exaggeration used to emphasize a point Alliteration Two or more words or syllables near each other with the same beginning consonant sound Folklore Stories told by word of mouth. Examples: nursery rhymes, fables, fairy tales Informative Writing Writing that informs the reader in an attempt to create a new found knowledge Assessment The process for gathering data about students to identify areas of strengths & weaknesses to guide future instructions Formal Assessment Assessment that includes intelligence tests, achievement tests (norm & criterion referenced) & diagnostic tests Norm Referenced Testing Assessment instruments administered to students of various socioeconomic backgrounds & geographical locations to develop. Criterion Referenced Test Assessment instruments that assess the point at which the student has achieved mastery. It enables educators in determining whether or not a student has med a predetermined goal. Example: FCAT Self-Correction Occurs when a child realizes his error & corrects it Running Records Informal assessments that enable the teacher to observe, score & interpret a student's reading behaviors. Observations include: errors, self corrections, meaning, structure, visual Syntactic Cuing System Identify sentences that sound correct Miscue Analysis Technique for recording & analyzing students' oral reading errors in order to gain an insight into the reading process they employ Cloze Test Procedure involves getting students to full in words deliberately omitted from a passage of text. Assists students in the prediction and the use of context clues. Response Logs Informal assessment that documents students reading, viewing, & listening. Students record their thoughts/feelings as they read, watch or listen to text Retelling Technique that involves reading, either silently or aloud, & then retelling what has been read Phonics The understanding of the relationships between the written letters of the alphabet & the sounds of the spoken language Pre Writing Includes the following stages: activating prior knowledge, gathering/organzing ideas, brainstorming, researching Non-fiction Books that present information Phonemic Awareness Ability to hear & manipulate the sounds of spoken language. Includes noticing rhyme & recognizing seperate, small sounds in words (phonemes) Self-monitoring Pausing periodically to reflect & think about the information presented in the text Accuracy Ability to correctly read the words in the text Methods/Strategies to enhance listening Set a purpose, questions and visualize, summarize, graphic organizers Structure Often referred to as syntax. It helps the reader to know whether what he reads sounds corrects Efferent Listening Refers to listening to learn new information Listening Requires the student take in, or receive, what has been heard or seen Media Literacy Ability of a student to interpret media messages Alphabet Knowledge Requires young learners to identify & name upper & lowercase letters of the alphabet Revising Refining and clarifying the draft. Focus is on meaning & further developing the writing piece. Drafting Transfer of ideas to paper. Focus is on content, not spelling, grammar, & mechanics Performance based assessment This form of assessment incorporates real-life application of what has been taught. Enables the teacher to assess meaningful and complete educations products & performances. AKA - Authentic Assessment Developmental Stages of Writing Scribbling, mock handwriting, mock letters, conventional letters, invented (temporary) phonetic spelling, conventional spelling Full alphabetic Children can read words in this stage Printed Material Anything with printed text: books, magazines, journals, etc